Table 5 Demographic and socioeconomic determinants of maternal health care utilization among young married women in India, 1992–2016
Variables | Full ANC | SBA | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
Survey round | ||||
NFHS-1 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
NFHS-2 | 1.11* (1.02–1.21) | 0.98 (0.89–1.06) | 1.36** (1.25–1.48) | 1.35** (1.25–1.46) |
NFHS-3 | 1.40** (1.29–1.51) | 1.21** (1.10–1.32) | 1.76** (1.60–1.92) | 1.73** (1.60–1.89) |
NFHS-4 | 2.48** (2.33–2.61) | 1.83** (1.68–1.98) | 12.38** (11.53–13.29) | 13.66** (12.66–14.75) |
Type of residence | ||||
Rural (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban | 2.68** (2.51–2.86) | 1.27** (1.18–1.36) | 3.80** (3.51–4.11) | 1.87** (1.71–2.04) |
State-wise residence | ||||
EAG states (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Other states | 5.48** (5.16–5.81) | 4.71** (4.46–4.99) | 2.70** (2.51–2.90) | 2.46** (2.30–2.62) |
Religion | ||||
Hindu (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Muslim | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 0.78** (0.72–0.84) | 0.85** (0.79–0.93) | 0.58** (0.54–0.64) |
Others | 1.59** (1.44–1.75) | 0.81** (0.73–0.91) | 1.62** (1.45–1.80) | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) |
Social group | ||||
Scheduled caste (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Scheduled tribe | 0.73** (0.66–0.80) | 1.00 (0.90–1.10) | 0.57** (0.52–0.63) | 0.68** (0.60–0.75) |
Others | 1.26** (1.18–1.33) | 1.10* (1.03–1.17) | 1.20** (1.13–1.27) | 1.14** (1.06–1.22) |
Educational level | ||||
No Education (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 2.58** (2.41–2.77) | 1.50** (1.39–1.61) | 2.74** (2.58–2.92) | 1.53** (1.43–1.64) |
Secondary | 5.60** (5.28–5.93) | 2.15** (2.02–2.30) | 7.84** (7.41–8.29) | 2.25** (2.10–2.40) |
Higher | 11.27** (10.17–12.48) | 3.42** (3.04–3.84) | 29.23** (24.32–35.13) | 4.50** (3.72–5.44) |
Wealth Quintile | ||||
Poorest (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Poorer | 1.73** (1.60–1.87) | 1.15** (1.06–1.24) | 1.56** (1.47–1.66) | 1.27** (1.18–1.37) |
Middle | 2.98** (2.76–3.21) | 1.44** (1.33–1.56) | 2.52** (2.35–2.69) | 1.72** (1.58–1.87) |
Richer | 4.64** (4.28–5.04) | 1.66** (1.52–1.82) | 4.57** (4.26–4.91) | 2.43** (2.22–2.67) |
Richest | 8.76** (7.98–9.62) | 2.35** (2.10–2.63) | 12.46** (11.30–13.73) | 4.38** (3.86–4.98) |
Maternal age | ||||
≤ 19 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
20–24 | 1.27** (1.22–1.32) | 1.18** (1.13–1.24) | 1.31** (1.26–1.36) | 1.20** (1.14–1.27) |
Birth order | ||||
1 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2 | 0.69** (0.66–0.72) | 0.72** (0.69–0.76) | 0.55** (0.52–0.57) | 0.51** (0.48–0.54) |
3+ | 0.35** (0.33–0.38) | 0.55** (0.51–0.59) | 0.28** (0.26–0.29) | 0.41** (0.38–0.44) |
Mass media exposure | ||||
No exposure (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Any exposure | 4.57** (4.31–4.85) | 1.67** (1.57–1.78) | 4.29** (4.10–4.49) | 1.30** (1.23–1.38) |