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Table 3 Odds ratios (ORs), adjusted odds ratios (AORs), and 95% confidence intervals for illicit drug use in pregnancy by ACE category (N = 1660)a

From: Adverse childhood experiences are associated with illicit drug use among pregnant women with middle to high socioeconomic status: findings from the All Our Families Cohort

Models

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

Model 1: Maternal ACE score < 18 years

 0–1 ACEs

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

 2–3 ACEs

3.8 (1.9, 7.5)

3.0 (1.5, 6.1)

 ≥ 4 ACEs

5.7 (2.7, 11.6)

3.7 (1.7, 8.0)

Model 2: Maternal ACE child abuse score < 18 years

 No abuse in childhood

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

 1 form of child abuse

2.6 (1.3, 5.3)

2.3 (1.1, 4.7)

 2–3 forms of child abuse

4.0 (2.0, 8.0)

2.8 (1.3, 5.7)

Model 3: Maternal ACE household dysfunction score < 18 years

 No household dysfunction

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

 1 form of household dysfunction

2.1 (1.0, 4.4)

1.5 (0.7, 3.2)

 2–6 forms of household dysfunction

3.3 (1.7, 6.4)

2.2 (1.1, 4.4)

  1. a Variables significant using a 95% CI are presented in bold. Models were adjusted for maternal age, education, income, marital status, and whether the pregnancy was intended