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Table 2 Risk factors associated with gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, syphilis, bacterial vaginosis and any sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infection among pregnant women at antenatal care booking

From: Assessment of syndromic management of curable sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections among pregnant women: an observational cross-sectional study

Risk factor

% positive

% negative¥

Women per strata

Crude odds

ratio (95% CI)

Adjusted odds ratio*

(95% CI)

Gonorrhoea

 Age group

   < 20

3.9

96.1

204

4.14 (1.08, 15.78)

5.01 (1.29, 19.44)

  20–29

4.0

96.0

573

4.24 (1.26, 14.22)

4.27 (1.32, 14.94)

  30+

1.0

99.0

307

Ref

Ref

 HIV status

  Negative

2.7

97.3

940

Ref

Ref

  Positive

6.3

93.7

143

2.46 (1.12, 5.38)

2.80 (1.25, 6.26)

Trichomoniasis

 Pregnancy number

  Primigravidae

34.1

65.9

261

2.39 (1.69, 3.38)

2.40 (1.69, 3.40)

  Secundigravidae

30.3

69.7

165

2.01 (1.34, 3.02)

2.06 (1.37, 3.10)

  Multigravidae (3rd)

25.0

75.0

180

1.54 (1.02, 2.32)

1.58 (1.05, 2.39)

  Multigravidae (4th)

17.8

82.2

478

Ref

Ref

 Self-reported STI/RTI symptoms during current pregnancy

  No

23.4

76.6

880

Ref

Ref

  Yes

31.8

68.2

198

1.53 (1.09, 2.14)

1.56 (1.11, 2.20)

Bacterial vaginosis

 Age group

   < 20

44.6

55.4

202

1.10 (0.76, 1.57)

1.23 (0.85, 1.77)

  20–29

52.7

47.3

571

1.53 (1.15, 2.02)

1.58 (1.19, 2.10)

  30+

42.2

57.8

308

Ref

Ref

 HIV status

  Negative

45.5

54.5

937

Ref

NA

  Positive

66.4

33.6

143

2.37 (1.64, 3.44)

2.41 (1.66, 3.51)

Syphilis

 Age group

   < 20

2.0

98.0

204

Ref

Ref

  20–29

8.6

91.4

568

4.72 (1.68, 13.25)

3.96 (1.40, 11.20)

  30+

7.5

92.5

305

4.08 (1.39, 11.97)

3.29(1.11, 9.74)

 Number of lifetime sexual partners

   ≤ 2

5.7

94.3

792

Ref

Ref

   ≥ 3

11.3

88.7

275

2.11 (1.31, 3.41)

1.82 (1.12, 2.98)

 HIV status

  Negative

5.8

94.2

938

Ref

Ref

  Positive

15.8

84.2

139

3.08 (1.81, 5.24)

2.56 (1.48, 4.41)

Any STI/RTI

 Age group

   < 20

67.7

32.4

204

1.56 (1.07, 2.25)

1.70 (1.16, 2.78)

  20–29

67.4

32.6

573

1.54 (1.15, 2.04)

1.58 (1.18, 2.11)

  30+

57.3

42.6

307

Ref

Ref

 HIV status

  Negative

62.8

37.2

940

Ref

Ref

  Positive

76.9

23.3

143

1.98 (1.31, 2.98)

2.10 (1.39, 3.19)

  1. ¥For bacterial vaginosis the number included the intermediate and normal subgroups
  2. *Adjusted for all the variables in the left-hand column of Supplemental Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; The multivariate model only included factors that were significant at P < 0.05 using the likelihood ratio test. Ref = Reference group with the odds ratio set at 1
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