Table 3 Women’s well-being by their socio-demographic characteristics (N = 484)
From: Pregnant women’s well-being and worry during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study
Levels of well-being | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
WHO-5 index < 50 | WHO-5 index ≥50 | |||
Socio-demographic variables | N (%) | 118 (24.4) | 366 (75.6) | P |
Age (year) | 0.847a | |||
< 20 | 28 (5.8) | 8 (28.6) | 20 (71.4) | |
20–30 | 286 (59.1) | 68 (23.8) | 218 (76.2) | |
> 30 | 170 (35.1) | 42 (24.7) | 128 (75.3) | |
Job | 0.441a | |||
Housewife | 373 (77.1) | 94 (25.2) | 279 (74.8) | |
Employed | 111 (22.9) | 24 (21.6) | 87 (78.4) | |
Education | 0.060a | |||
Primary School | 26 (5.4) | 4 (15.4) | 22 (84.6) | |
Diploma | 183 (37.8) | 55 (30.1) | 128 (69.9) | |
University | 275 (41.1) | 59 (21.5) | 216 (78.5) | |
Family income | 0.232ac | |||
Low | 71 (14.7) | 23 (32.4) | 48 (77.6) | |
Middle | 401 (82.9) | 92 (22.9) | 309 (77.1) | |
High | 12 (2.5) | 3 (257) | 9 (75) | |
Husband’s age | 0.313a | |||
< 30 | 135 (27.9) | 28 (20.7) | 107 (79.3) | |
30–40 | 291(60.1) | 78 (26.8) | 213 (73.2) | |
> 40 | 58 (12) | 12 (20.7) | 46 (79.3) | |
Husband’s education level | 0.217a | |||
Primary School | 56 (11.6) | 13 (23.2) | 43 (76.8) | |
Diploma | 201 (41.5) | 57 (28.4) | 144 (71.6) | |
University | 227 (31.8) | 48 (21.1) | 179 (78.9) | |
Husband’s job | 0.167a | |||
Worker | 117 (24.2) | 35 (29.9) | 82 (70.1) | |
Clerk | 128 (26.4) | 25 (19.5) | 103 (80.5) | |
Self-employed | 239 (49.4) | 58 (24.3) | 181 (75.7) | |
Close family member with chronic disease | 0.300a | |||
Yes | 85 (17.6) | 17 (20.0) | 68 (80.0) | |
No | 399 (82.4) | 101 (25.3) | 298 (74.7) | |
COVID-19 infected person among relatives | 0.008†ab | |||
Yes | 38 (7.9) | 16 (42.1) | 22 (57.9) | |
No | 446 (92.1) | 102 (22.9) | 344 (77.1) | |
Death due to COVID-19 among relatives | 0.032‡ab | |||
Yes | 20 (4.1) | 9 (45.0) | 11 (55.0) | |
No | 464 (95.9) | 109 (23.5) | 355 (76.5) | |
Fear of COVID-19 | 0.016ab | |||
Not at all to moderate | 272 (70.8) | 55 (20.2) | 217 (79.8) | |
High to Severe | 212 (29.2) | 63 (29.7) | 149 (70.3) | |
Participation in the study | 0.377a | |||
After the first wave of COVID-19 | 384 (79.3) | 97 (25.3) | 287 (74.7) | |
During the second wave of COVID-19 | 100 (20.7) | 21 (21.0) | 79 (79.0) | |
Obstetrics variables | ||||
Gestational age (week) | 0.513a | |||
First trimester | 75 (15.5) | 21 (28.0) | 54 (72.0) | |
Second trimester | 187 (38.6) | 48 (25.7) | 139 (74.3) | |
Third trimester | 222 (45.9) | 49 (22.1) | 173 (77.9) | |
Parity | 0.992a | |||
Nullipara | 234 (48.3) | 57 (24.4) | 177 (75.6) | |
Primipara/Multipara | 250 (52.7) | 61 (24.4) | 189 (75.6) | |
Having a history of abortion | 0.823a | |||
Yes | 131 (27.1) | 31 (23.7) | 100 (76.3) | |
No | 353 (72.9) | 87 (24.6) | 266 (75.4) | |
Having a pregnancy complication | 0.920a | |||
Yes | 44 (9.1) | 11 (25) | 33 (75) | |
No | 440 (90.9) | 107 (24.3) | 333 (75.7) | |
Having a poor obstetric history | 0.341a | |||
Yes | 54 (11.2) | 16 (29.6) | 38 (70.4) | |
No | 430 (88.8) | 102 (23.7) | 328 (76.3) | |