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Table 2 Single and multiple regression analysis and odds ration with corresponding 95% CI of birth characteristics and delivery

From: Risk factors during pregnancy and delivery for the development of Perthes’ disease, a nationwide Swedish study of 2.1 million individuals

 

Population study

Case-control study

Population study

Case-control study

Birth characteristic

Perthes vs. not Perthes

Single

OR (95% CI)

Perthes vs. not Perthes

Single

OR (95% CI)

Perthes vs. not Perthes

Multiple

OR a (95% CI)

Perthes vs. not Perthes

Multiple

OR a (95% CI)

Diabetes during pregnancy

 No

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

 Yes

1.05 (0.74–1.49)

1.26 (0.81–1.97)

1.05 (0.74–1.49)

1.25 (0.80–1.95)

Hypertension (mother)

 No

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

 Yes

0.94 (0.62–1.43)

0.83 (0.50–1.37)

0.82 (0.53–1.25)

0.67 (0.40–1.12)

Vaginal delivery (breech)

 No

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

 Yes

1.24 (1.04–1.46)

1.03 (0.84–1.27)

1.16 (0.98–1.37)

0.98 (0.79–1.21)

Emergency cesarean section (breech)

 No

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

 Yes

1.59 (1.11–2.27)

1.73 (1.07–2.81)

1.52 (1.07–2.18)

1.64 (1.01–2.68)

Elective cesarean section (breech)

 No

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

 Yes

1.80 (0.90–3.61)

1.78 (0.69–4.62)

1.78 (0.89–3.56)

1.86 (0.72–4.83)

Breech delivery

 No

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

 Yes

1.33 (1.14–1.54)

1.15 (0.95–1.39)

1.25 (1.08–1.46)

1.09 (0.90–1.32)

Birthweight for gestational age

Appropriate for gestational age

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

 Large for gestational age

1.10 (0.85–1.42)

1.09 (0.79–1.49)

1.10 (0.85–1.42)

1.09 (0.79–1.49)

 Small for gestational age

1.73 (1.44–2.08)

1.54 (1.21–1.96)

1.53 (1.22–1.91)

1.38 (1.03–1.84)

Birthweight

 Normal birthweight, ≥2500 g

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

 Low birthweight, 1500 g – 2499 g

1.19 (1.19–1.78)

1.46 (1.12–1.90)

1.33 (1.05–1.69)

1.31 (0.97–1.76)

 Very low birthweight, < 1500 g

2.74 (1.82–4.14)

2.48 (1.35–4.56)

3.32 (1.86–5.92)

2.20 (0.97–4.96)

Gestational age

 At term, 37–42 weeks

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

 Post term, > 42 weeks

1.16 (1.01–1.34)

1.11 (0.93–1.33)

1.17 (1.01–1.35)

1.11 (0.93–1.33)

 Preterm, 32–36 weeks

1.46 (1.22–1.74)

1.44 (1.15–1.81)

1.25 (1.01–1.54)

1.27 (0.98–1.64)

 Very preterm, < 32 weeks

1.74 (1.08–2.80)

2.07 (1.06–4.07)

0.70 (0.36–1.36)

1.10 (0.45–2.73)

Apgar 5

 > 7-max

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

Reference level

 0–7

1.61 (1.24–2.11)

1.57 (1.09–2.24)

1.44 (1.10–1.90)

1.39 (0.97–2.00)

  1. a Odds ratio adjusted for gestational age and birthweight