Table 1 Racial health disparities. The percent increase in risk and 95% credibility intervals for racial health disparities defined as deviations from the population expected rates

Number of singleton births (n)

5,680,489

1,513,616

87,318

690,936

25,279

2,568,435

 Gestational Diabetes

− 23.7 (−24.3, −23.1)

−30.5 (−31.1, − 29.8)

30.3 (27.8, 32.9) ^a

62.0 (60.5, 63.5) ^a

23.7 (19.4, 28.1) ^a

−6.0 (−6.7, −5.2)

 Gestational hypertension

10.1 (9.1, 11.1)^a

28.3 (27.0, 29.5) ^a

34.9 (32.0, 37.8) ^a

− 40.4 (− 41.2, − 39.6)

6.2 (1.7, 10.9) ^a

−14.6 (− 15.4, − 13.7)

 Hypertension eclampsia

−21.7 (− 24.5, − 18.9)

32.3 (27.3, 37.5) ^a

38.1 (25.5, 51.9) ^a

−42.6 (− 46.0, − 39.2)

175.4 (142.7, 211) ^a

−37.2 (− 39.6, − 34.5)

 Induction of labor

25.6 (25.1, 26.1) ^a

6.0 (5.5, 6.5) ^a

15.0 (13.8, 16.2) ^a

−12.7 (− 13.2, − 12.2)

− 18.5 (− 20.3, − 16.7)

−8.7 (− 9.1, − 8.3)

 Caesarian section

−2.4 (− 2.7, − 2.1)

14.1 (13.7, 14.5) ^a

−10.1 (− 11.0, − 9.2)

5.8 (5.4, 6.3) ^a

0.0 (− 1.6, 1.7)

1.7 (1.3, 2.0) ^a

 Maternal transfusion

−20.1 (− 22.7, − 17.3)

3.1 (− 0.7, 7.2)

115.1 (100.0, 131.2) ^a

− 27.2 (− 30.9, − 23.4)

26.7 (7.3, 48.4) ^a

−18.2 (− 21.2, − 15.1)

 Perineal Laceration

18.2 (15.3, 21.2) ^a

−47.5 (− 49.2, − 45.9)

− 17.8 (− 24.0, − 11.2)

116.2 (110.1, 122.5)

10.0 (−2.8, 23.7)

− 25.5 (− 27.5, − 23.5)

 Ruptured uterus

−15.3 (− 24.7, − 3.8)

11.7 (−2.4, 28.1)

42.9 (5.2, 90.4) ^a

−10.3 (− 24.2, 6.0)

−1.6 (− 51.1, 70.8)

−17.9 (− 27.7, − 5.8)

 Unplanned hysterectomy

−30.0 (− 35.9, − 23.1)

−14.0 (− 22.5, − 4.2)

64.3 (31.6, 103.5) ^a

−6.3 (− 17.2, 6.6)

27.8 (− 19.7, 92.4)

−14.6 (− 22.2, − 5.7)

 Admission to ICU

−34.8 (− 37.9, − 31.5)

19.4 (13.1, 25.9) ^a

7.1 (−7.1, 23.4)

− 8.2 (− 14.2, − 1.7)

98.3 (62.5, 137.5) ^a

−24.7 (− 28.5, − 20.6)

 Anencephaly

56.5 (19.8, 136.1) ^a

5.7 (−23.1, 64.9)

70.8 (−13.6, 212.6)

− 25.5 (− 50.8, 20.3)

− 53.2 (− 96.9, 89.9)

55.1 (16.7, 134.2) ^a

 Meningomyelocele/spina bifida

47.5 (21.3, 91.5) ^a

−12.3 (− 31.3, 17.7)

118.8 (39.9, 236.1) ^a

− 59.1 (− 72.1, − 40.2)

−34.2 (− 87.3, 83.9)

12.1 (− 10.2, 47.3)

 Cyanotic congenital heart disease

6.5 (0.0, 14.9) ^a

−21.7 (− 28.6, − 13.8)

45.3 (17.5, 77.6) ^a

−46.4 (− 53.1, − 39.1)

72.4 (20.5, 136.5) ^a

−32.6 (− 38.2, − 26.5)

 Diaphragmatic hernia

31.2 (9.6, 61.6) ^a

− 13.2 (− 30.8, 10.8)

36.4 (− 21.3, 120.9)

−33.9 (− 51.7, − 10.9)

38.4 (− 52.0, 199.6)

− 14.1 (− 30.2, 7.7)

 Omphalocele

28.7 (3.4, 69.2) ^a

23.8 (− 3.2, 65.2)

67.5 (− 5.3, 176.7)

− 39.4 (− 57.6, − 11.4)

− 21.5 (− 84.8, 121.5)

−21.2 (− 38.4, 5.4)

 Gastroschisis

20.5 (5.0, 41.1) ^a

−21.4 (− 33.4, − 5.2)

211.6 (141.0, 302.3) ^a

− 73.2 (− 80.4, − 64.3)

−18.7 (− 68.0, 60.2)

14.5 (− 1.3, 35.8)

 Limb reduction defect

19.9 (0.5, 48.2) ^a

1.5 (− 17.5, 27.7)

152.3 (73.6, 262.2) ^a

−41.5 (− 56.5, − 20.6)

13.5 (− 61.0, 140.5)

− 15.6 (− 31.0, 5.3)

 Cleft lip (with or without cleft palate)

17.1 (6.8, 29.2) ^a

−37.0 (− 43.9, − 28.9)

117.8 (79.1, 164.8) ^a

− 22.6 (− 32.7, − 11.0)

−9.4 (− 48.0, 42.7)

−0.4 (− 9.9, 10.8)

 Cleft palate alone

26.4 (10.6, 47.9) ^a

−32.8 (− 43.4, − 19.2)

115.0 (58.7, 187.5) ^a

−21.7 (− 36.1, − 3.2)

− 17.4 (− 67.5, 65.9)

− 29.8 (− 39.9, − 16.6)

 Hypospadias

81.2 (63.2, 104.9) ^a

10.3 (−2.5, 26.1)

−13.2 (− 37.6, 17.8)

− 6.6 (− 19.5, 8.9)

−28.8 (− 64.2, 24.4)

− 25.3 (− 33.7, − 14.5)

 Down syndrome

17.0 (6.3, 30.5) ^a

−18.6 (− 27.6, − 8.0)

43.4 (11.9, 80.2) ^a

− 36.5 (− 45.6, − 25.9)

−29.0 (− 62.7, 19.2)

22.5 (10.7, 37.0) ^a

 Chromosomal disorder

8.9 (0.0, 20.9) ^a

−13.2 (− 23.1, − 1.6)

54.3 (18.7, 97.6) ^a

− 26.9 (− 37.5, − 14.4)

41.7 (− 14.3, 117.7)

−0.4 (− 10.6, 11.5)

 Low Apgar

−21.2 (− 23.4, − 18.9)

78.3 (73.2, 83.8) ^a

23.1 (14.1, 32.5) ^a

− 42.2 (− 44.7, − 39.6)

12.9 (−2.2, 29.3)

− 26.3 (− 28.5, − 23.9)

 Small for Gestational age

− 22.4 (− 22.9, − 21.9)

51.0 (50.0, 52.0) ^a

− 24.3 (− 25.8, − 22.7)

32.6 (31.6, 33.7) ^a

− 10.4 (− 13.2, − 7.4)

−9.1 (− 9.7, − 8.5)

 Large for Gestational age

24.9 (24.2, 25.7) ^a

−36.0 (− 36.5, − 35.5)

50.9 (48.7, 53.2) ^a

− 41.8 (− 42.4, − 41.2)

39.5 (35.7, 43.3) ^a

− 1.1 (− 1.7, − 0.5)

 Very pre-term delivery

−31.9 (− 33.2, − 30.5)

94.6 (90.8, 98.5) ^a

1.3 (− 4.0, 7.0)

− 30.5 (− 32.4, − 28.6)

5.2 (− 4.6, 15.4)

−10.3 (− 12.1, − 8.4)

 Pre-term delivery

− 18.0 (− 18.6, − 17.4)

34.4 (33.3, 35.4) ^a

13.9 (11.8, 16.0) ^a

−18.0 (− 18.9, − 17.2)

11.8 (8.1, 15.6) ^a

− 6.1 (− 6.8, − 5.4)

 Seizures

22.9 (9.1, 40.7) ^a

12.2 (− 1.7, 30.5)

59.6 (19.3, 109.2) ^a

− 27.0 (− 38.8, − 12.0)

− 28.9 (− 68.7, 31.7)

−34.3 (− 42.5, − 23.9)

 Antibiotics

−6.8 (− 8.2, − 5.4)

15.0 (13.2, 16.9) ^a

24.7 (20.2, 29.3) ^a

− 6.8 (− 8.6, − 4.9)

− 6.2 (− 13.1, 1.3)

−13.1 (− 14.5, − 11.7)

 Surfactant

6.3 (2.6, 10.4) ^a

53.6 (47.8, 59.8) ^a

15.4 (4.6, 26.7) ^a

−43.2 (− 46.4, − 39.9)

2.8 (− 15.1, 22.0)

− 18.2 (− 21.4, − 14.8)

 Begin ventilation

5.1 (4.0, 6.2) ^a

15.4 (14.1, 16.7) ^a

26.3 (22.8, 29.8) ^a

− 32.2 (− 33.2, − 31.1)

38.3 (31.9, 44.9) ^a

−27.8 (− 28.7, − 27.0)

 Prolonged ventilation (> 6 h)

0.4 (− 1.4, 2.3)

25.0 (22.5, 27.6) ^a

24.7 (18.7, 30.9) ^a

−36.5 (− 38.3, − 34.6)

31.9 (20.7, 43.7) ^a

−27.0 (− 28.4, − 25.4)

 Admission to NICU

−13.1 (− 13.7, − 12.5)

26.8 (25.8, 27.8) ^a

0.9 (− 1.1, 3.1)

− 10.0 (− 10.9, − 9.1)

5.0 (1.2, 8.8) ^a

− 7.6 (− 8.3, − 6.9)

Neonatal mortality

−38.2 (− 40.1, − 36.2)

9.1 (5.4, 12.9) ^a

−2.1 (− 10.9, 7.4)

− 25.6 (− 29.0, − 22.2)

41.5 (22.8, 62.9) ^a

− 8.8 (− 11.8, − 5.8)