| Patients (%) (n = 1613) | None PPH (n = 1613) | PPH (n = 220) | P -Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | Â | n | % | |||
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.631 |
< 20 years | 376 (20.5) | 336 | 89.4 |  | 40 | 10.6 |  |
20–34 years | 1241 (67.7) | 1089 | 87.8 |  | 152 | 12.2 |  |
≥ 35 years | 216 (11.8) | 188 | 87.0 |  | 28 | 13.0 |  |
(Minimum = 11 yr., Maximum = 49 yr., mean = 26 yr., SD ± 6.68) |  |  |  | ||||
Gestational age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.69 |
< 38 wks | 395 (21.5) | 358 | 83.2 |  | 37 | 16.8 |  |
38–42 wks | 1438 (78.5) | 1255 | 77.8 |  | 183 | 22.2 |  |
Parity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | .897 |
Primiparous | 651 (35.5) | 527 | 87.9 | Â | 79 | 12.1 | Â |
Multiparous | 1182 (64.5) | 1041 | 88.1 | Â | 141 | 11.9 | Â |
Complication during pregnancy | |||||||
 Anemia |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
No | 1688 (92.1) | 1499 | 92.9 | Â | 114 | 7.1 | Â |
Yes | 145 (7.9) | 189 | 85.9 | Â | 31 | 14.1 | Â |
 Twin |  |  |  |  |  |  | .255 |
No | 1830 (99.8) | 1611 | 88 | Â | 219 | 12 | Â |
Yes | 3 (0.2) | 2 | 66.7 | Â | 1 | 33.3 | Â |
 GDM |  |  |  |  |  |  | .096 |
No | 1803 (98.4) | 1590 | 88.2 | Â | 213 | 11.8 | Â |
Yes | 30 (1.6) | 23 | 76.7 | Â | 7 | 23.3 | Â |
 Past history of PPH |  |  |  |  |  | .003 | |
No | 1824 (99.5) | 1608 | 88.2 | Â | 174 | 11.8 | Â |
Yes | 9 (0.5) | 5 | 55.6 | Â | 46 | 44.4 | Â |
Complication during labor | |||||||
-Retained placenta |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 | |
No | 1781 (97.2) | 1607 | 90.2 | Â | 174 | 9.8 | Â |
Yes | 52 (2.8) | 6 | 11.5 | Â | 46 | 88.5 | Â |
-Poor ut.contractions |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 | |
No | 1725 (94.1) | 1606 | 93.1 | Â | 119 | 6.9 | Â |
Yes | 108 (5.9) | 7 | 6.5 | Â | 101 | 93.5 | Â |
Method of delivery | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | .337 | |
Normal birth | 1763 (96.2) | 1555 | 88.2 | Â | 208 | 11.8 | Â |
F/E | 9 (0.5) | 8 | 88.9 | Â | 1 | 11.1 | Â |
V/E | 61 (3.3) | 50 | 82 | Â | 11 | 18 | Â |
Birth assistant | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.45 |
Obstetricians | 202 (11.1) | 174 | 86.1 | Â | 28 | 13.9 | Â |
Nurse midwives | 1617 (88.7) | 1426 | 88.2 | Â | 191 | 11.8 | Â |
Medical students | 5 (0.3) | 4 | 80 | Â | 1 | 20 | Â |
Nursing students | 4 (0.2) | 4 | 100 | Â | 0 | 0 | Â |
Episiotomy | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | .308 |
Yes | 1478 (80.6) | 1295 | 87.6 | Â | 183 | 12.4 | Â |
No | 355 (19.4) | 318 | 89.6 | Â | 37 | 10.4 | Â |
Perineum lacerations |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 | |
Intact Perineum | 377 (20.6) | 356 | 94.4 | Â | 21 | 5.6 | Â |
First Degree | 332 (18.1) | 282 | 84.9 | Â | 50 | 15.1 | Â |
Second Degree | 1096 (59.8) | 958 | 87.4 | Â | 138 | 12.6 | Â |
Third and Fourth | 28 (1.5) | 17 | 60.7 | Â | 11 | 39.3 | Â |
Using uterotonic drugs | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | .39 | |
Yes | 1756 (95.8) | 15 | 6.8 | Â | 205 | 93.2 | Â |
No | 77 (4.2) | 62 | 3.8 | Â | 1551 | 96.2 | Â |
Duration of labor | |||||||
 1st stage of labor |  |  |  |  |  |  | .305 |
< 10 h. | 1344 (73.3) | 1189 | 88.5 |  | 155 | 11.5 |  |
> 10 h. | 489 (26.7) | 424 | 86.7 |  | 65 | 13.3 |  |
 2nd stage of labor |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
< 1 h. | 1774 (96.8) | 1573 | 88.7 |  | 201 | 11.3 |  |
> 1 h. | 59 (3.2) | 40 | 67.8 |  | 19 | 32.2 |  |
 3rd stage of labor |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
< 20 min | 1760 (96.0) | 1575 | 89.5 |  | 185 | 10.5 |  |
>  20 min | 73 (4.0) | 38 | 52.1 |  | 35 | 47.9 |  |
Baby birth weight |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
< 2500 g | 109 (5.9) | 100 | 91.7 |  | 9 | 8.3 |  |
2500–3500 g | 1487 (81.1) | 1327 | 89.2 |  | 160 | 10.8 |  |
> 3500 g | 237 (12.9) | 186 | 78.5 |  | 51 | 21.5 |  |