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Table 1 The rate and range of PPH

From: Maternal and health service predictors of postpartum hemorrhage across 14 district, general and regional hospitals in Thailand

 

Patients (%) (n = 1613)

None PPH (n = 1613)

PPH (n = 220)

P -Value

n

%

 

n

%

Age

      

0.631

< 20 years

376 (20.5)

336

89.4

 

40

10.6

 

20–34 years

1241 (67.7)

1089

87.8

 

152

12.2

 

≥ 35 years

216 (11.8)

188

87.0

 

28

13.0

 

(Minimum = 11 yr., Maximum = 49 yr., mean = 26 yr., SD ± 6.68)

   

Gestational age

      

0.69

< 38 wks

395 (21.5)

358

83.2

 

37

16.8

 

38–42 wks

1438 (78.5)

1255

77.8

 

183

22.2

 

Parity

      

.897

Primiparous

651 (35.5)

527

87.9

 

79

12.1

 

Multiparous

1182 (64.5)

1041

88.1

 

141

11.9

 

Complication during pregnancy

 Anemia

      

<  0.001

No

1688 (92.1)

1499

92.9

 

114

7.1

 

Yes

145 (7.9)

189

85.9

 

31

14.1

 

 Twin

      

.255

No

1830 (99.8)

1611

88

 

219

12

 

Yes

3 (0.2)

2

66.7

 

1

33.3

 

 GDM

      

.096

No

1803 (98.4)

1590

88.2

 

213

11.8

 

Yes

30 (1.6)

23

76.7

 

7

23.3

 

 Past history of PPH

     

.003

No

1824 (99.5)

1608

88.2

 

174

11.8

 

Yes

9 (0.5)

5

55.6

 

46

44.4

 

Complication during labor

-Retained placenta

     

<  0.001

No

1781 (97.2)

1607

90.2

 

174

9.8

 

Yes

52 (2.8)

6

11.5

 

46

88.5

 

-Poor ut.contractions

     

<  0.001

No

1725 (94.1)

1606

93.1

 

119

6.9

 

Yes

108 (5.9)

7

6.5

 

101

93.5

 

Method of delivery

     

.337

Normal birth

1763 (96.2)

1555

88.2

 

208

11.8

 

F/E

9 (0.5)

8

88.9

 

1

11.1

 

V/E

61 (3.3)

50

82

 

11

18

 

Birth assistant

      

0.45

Obstetricians

202 (11.1)

174

86.1

 

28

13.9

 

Nurse midwives

1617 (88.7)

1426

88.2

 

191

11.8

 

Medical students

5 (0.3)

4

80

 

1

20

 

Nursing students

4 (0.2)

4

100

 

0

0

 

Episiotomy

      

.308

Yes

1478 (80.6)

1295

87.6

 

183

12.4

 

No

355 (19.4)

318

89.6

 

37

10.4

 

Perineum lacerations

     

<  0.001

Intact Perineum

377 (20.6)

356

94.4

 

21

5.6

 

First Degree

332 (18.1)

282

84.9

 

50

15.1

 

Second Degree

1096 (59.8)

958

87.4

 

138

12.6

 

Third and Fourth

28 (1.5)

17

60.7

 

11

39.3

 

Using uterotonic drugs

     

.39

Yes

1756 (95.8)

15

6.8

 

205

93.2

 

No

77 (4.2)

62

3.8

 

1551

96.2

 

Duration of labor

 1st stage of labor

      

.305

< 10 h.

1344 (73.3)

1189

88.5

 

155

11.5

 

> 10 h.

489 (26.7)

424

86.7

 

65

13.3

 

 2nd stage of labor

      

<  0.001

< 1 h.

1774 (96.8)

1573

88.7

 

201

11.3

 

> 1 h.

59 (3.2)

40

67.8

 

19

32.2

 

 3rd stage of labor

      

<  0.001

< 20 min

1760 (96.0)

1575

89.5

 

185

10.5

 

>  20 min

73 (4.0)

38

52.1

 

35

47.9

 

Baby birth weight

      

<  0.001

< 2500 g

109 (5.9)

100

91.7

 

9

8.3

 

2500–3500 g

1487 (81.1)

1327

89.2

 

160

10.8

 

> 3500 g

237 (12.9)

186

78.5

 

51

21.5

 
  1. Birth weight (mean = 3074 g; SD ± 414.28).
  2. Remarks: GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus; PPH Postpartum hemorrhage; F/E Forceps extraction; V/E Vacuum extraction.