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Table 7 Mean differences in birth weight by percentile groups of maternal total, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides levels, at enrolment, 20 and 30 weeks gestationa

From: Maternal plasma lipid levels across pregnancy and the risks of small-for-gestational age and low birth weight: a cohort study from rural Gambia

Gestation week

mg/dL

N

Unadjusted

Adjustedb

Mean difference (95% CI) in birth weight (g)

p-value

Mean difference (95% CI) in birth weight (g)

p-value

Total cholesterol

Enrolmentc

Low (<10th)

< 88.6

49

3.2 (− 108.4, 114.8)

0.955

4.1 (− 109.3, 117.4)

0.944

Ref (10th─90th)

88.6─170.5

390

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 170.5

49

62.6 (−45.7, 170.9)

0.257

33.0 (−80.8, 146.9)

0.569

20 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 112.9

42

−21.0 (− 131.2, 89.2)

0.708

−31.3 (− 142.3, 79.7)

0.580

Ref (10th─90th)

112.9─185.6

342

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 185.6

43

109.8 (−1.2, 220.8)

0.052

110.1 (−9.1, 229.3)

0.070

30 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 123.6

49

−51.2 (−130.1, 27.7)

0.203

−45.3 (− 126.0, 35.4)

0.270

Ref (10th─90th)

123.6─214.2

391

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 214.2

50

108.9 (11.7, 206.1)

0.028

111.2 (9.0, 213.3)

0.033

HDL cholesterol

Enrolmentc

Low (<10th)

< 33.6

54

−11.9 (−130.9, 107.2)

0.845

−42.1 (− 164.2, 79.9)

0.498

Ref (10th─90th)

33.6─68.4

419

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 68.4

53

37.1 (−66.9, 141.2)

0.484

37.8 (−73.4, 149.1)

0.504

20 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 36.3

47

−55.0 (− 171.5, 61.5)

0.354

−100.5 (−214.3, 13.4)

0.084

Ref (10th─90th)

36.3─70

370

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 70

47

−2.5 (− 100.4, 95.5)

0.961

−6.4 (−116.8, 104.0)

0.909

30 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 33.3

52

−31.5 (−133.5, 70.5)

0.544

−14.8 (− 121.2, 91.5)

0.784

Ref (10th─90th)

33.3─ 68.4

400

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

>  68.4

55

−9.0 (− 118.2, 100.1)

0.871

5.7 (−103.1, 114.5)

0.918

LDL cholesterol

Enrolmentc

Low (<10th)

< 43.3

59

2.7 (−101.3, 106.7)

0.959

5.2 (−95.1, 105.4)

0.919

Ref (10th─90th)

43.3─106

413

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 106

54

−6.6 (−114.6, 101.5)

0.905

−27.7 (−139.1, 83.7)

0.626

20 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 53.4

46

−15.4 (− 123.8, 93.0)

0.780

−9.3 (− 119.9, 101.3)

0.868

Ref (10th─90th)

53.4─122.6

371

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 122.6

47

42.1 (−67.3, 151.4)

0.450

24.2 (−93.8, 142.3)

0.687

30 weeks

  

Ref

   

Low (<10th)

< 62.3

51

−51.9 (−141.1, 37.3)

0.254

−54.3 (− 153.1, 44.6)

0.281

Ref (10th─90th)

62.3─146.6

404

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 146.6

52

122.1 (30.8, 213.4)

0.009

125.3 (29.7, 220.8)

0.010

Triglycerides

Enrolmentc

Low (<10th)

< 35.4

49

87.4 (−27.6, 202.5)

0.136

92.6 (−22.3, 207.5)

0.114

Ref (10th─90th)

35.4─88.6

424

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 88.6

54

41.7 (−77.8, 161.2)

0.493

34.9 (−96.6, 166.3)

0.602

20 weeks

  

Ref

   

Low (<10th)

< 53.1

57

28.5 (−72.3, 129.3)

0.578

26.5 (−79.6, 132.5)

0.624

Ref (10th─90th)

53.1─112.5

361

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 112.5

47

89.6 (−21.5, 200.6)

0.114

59.6 (−54.3, 173.5)

0.304

30 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 65.5

48

28.5 (−70.3, 127.3)

0.571

21.0 (−89.5, 131.5)

0.709

Ref (10th─90th)

65.5─134.6

409

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 134.6

51

126.5 (25.0, 227.9)

0.015

121.8 (5.2, 238.4)

0.041

  1. aMaternal lipid levels were divided by percentile groups; <10th percentile (low), 10th─90th (reference, Ref), >90th percentile (high)
  2. bAdjusted mean birth weight with maternal age, parity, gestational age, hemoglobin concentration, BMI, supplement group, and compliance to supplement during pregnancy, and infant birth sex and birth season
  3. cMean (SD) gestational age at enrolment was 13.9 (3.3) weeks gestation
  4. Abbreviations: HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein
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