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Table 3 Relative risk (RR) (95% CI) of LBW by maternal total, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides levels divided in percentile groups, at enrolment, 20 and 30 weeks gestationa

From: Maternal plasma lipid levels across pregnancy and the risks of small-for-gestational age and low birth weight: a cohort study from rural Gambia

Gestation week

mg/dL

LBW, n (%)

Unadjusted

Adjustedb

RR (95%CI)

p-value

aRR (95%CI)

p-value

Total cholesterol

Enrolmentc

Low (<10th)

< 88.6

2 (4.1)

0.42 (0.10, 1.7)

0.221

0.54 (0.14, 2.2)

0.384

Ref (10th─90th)

88.6─170.5

38 (9.7)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 170.5

1 (2.0)

0.21 (0.03, 1.5)

0.119

0.17 (0.02, 1.2)

0.070

20 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 112.9

3 (7.1)

0.90 (0.29, 2.9)

0.865

1.2 (0.78, 1.8)

0.451

Ref (10th─90th)

112.9─185.6

27 (7.9)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 185.6

0 (0.0)

–

–

–

–

30 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 123.6

2 (4.1)

0.41 (0.10, 1.6)

0.195

0.38 (0.09, 1.6)

0.197

Ref (10th─90th)

123.6─214.2

40 (10.2)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 214.2

1 (2.0)

0.20 (0.03, 1.4)

0.103

0.20 (0.03, 1.6)

0.139

HDL cholesterol

Enrolmentc

Low (<10th)

< 33.6

7 (13)

1.6 (0.74, 3.4)

0.229

2.6 (1.3, 5.3)

0.007

Ref (10th─90th)

33.6─68.4

34 (8.1)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 68.4

2 (3.8)

0.47 (0.11, 1.9)

0.283

0.50 (0.12, 2.1)

0.337

20 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 36.3

6 (12.8)

2.0 (0.85, 4.6)

0.115

3.0 (1.5, 6.4)

0.003

Ref (10th─90th)

36.3─70

24 (6.5)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 70

1 (2.1)

0.30 (0.05, 2.4)

0.270

0.40 (0.07, 2.6)

0.341

30 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 33.3

6 (11.5)

1.3 (0.58, 3.0)

0.507

0.90 (0.37, 2.2)

0.813

Ref (10th─90th)

33.3─ 68.4

35 (8.8)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

>  68.4

4 (7.3)

0.80 (0.31, 2.3)

0.716

0.90 (0.41, 1.9)

0.753

LDL cholesterol

Enrolmentc

Low (<10th)

< 43.3

3 (5.1)

0.58 (0.19, 1.8)

0.357

0.63 (0.21, 1.8)

0.390

Ref (10th─90th)

43.3─106

36 (8.7)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 106

4 (7.4)

0.85 (0.31, 2.3)

0.748

0.68 (0.24, 1.9)

0.467

20 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 53.4

1 (2.2)

0.28 (0.04, 2.0)

0.203

0.44 (0.10, 2.0)

0.280

Ref (10th─90th)

53.4─122.6

29 (7.8)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 122.6

1 (2.1)

0.30 (0.04, 2.0)

0.196

0.30 (0.04, 2.2)

0.229

30 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 62.3

2 (3.9)

0.37 (0.09, 1.5)

0.159

0.42 (0.10, 1.7)

0.229

Ref (10th─90th)

62.3─146.6

43 (10.6)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 146.6

0 (0.0)

–

–

–

–

Triglycerides

Enrolmentc

Low (<10th)

< 35.4

1 (2)

0.23 (0.03, 1.7)

0.147

0.26 (0.03, 2.0)

0.193

Ref (10th─90th)

35.4─88.6

37 (8.7)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 88.6

5 (9.3)

1.1 (0.44, 2.6)

0.896

0.97 (0.42, 2.2)

0.937

20 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 53.1

3 (5.3)

0.70 (0.22, 2.2)

0.553

0.94 (0.28, 3.2)

0.926

Ref (10th─90th)

53.1─112.5

27 (7.5)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 112.5

2 (4.3)

0.60 (0.10, 2.3)

0.432

0.60 (0.20, 2.7)

0.539

30 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 65.5

2 (4.2)

0.41 (0.10, 1.6)

0.203

0.44 (0.11, 1.7)

0.233

Ref (10th─90th)

65.5─134.6

42 (10.3)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 134.6

1 (2.0)

0.20 (0.03, 1.4)

0.098

0.20 (0.02, 1.5)

0.116

  1. aBinary regression models between the risk of LBW and maternal lipid levels divided by percentile groups; <10th percentile (low), 10th─90th (reference, Ref), >90th percentile (high)
  2. bAdjusted relative risk (aRR) with enrolment maternal age, parity, gestational age, hemoglobin concentration, BMI, supplement group, and compliance to supplement during pregnancy, and infant birth sex and birth season
  3. cMean (SD) gestational age at enrolment was 13.9 (3.3) weeks gestation
  4. Abbreviations: HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, LBW low birth weight, (a)RR adjusted relative risk
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