Variablesb | LBW (n = 45) | NBW (n = 528) | p-valuec | SGA (n = 186) | AGA (n = 387) | p-valuec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
Maternal variables | ||||||
Enrolmentd | ||||||
Gestational age (weeks) | 14.9 (3.4) | 13.8 (3.29) | 0.034 | 14.1 (2.9) | 13.8 (3.5) | 0.249 |
Age (years) | 29.2 (7.3) | 30.4 (6.5) | 0.274 | 30.3 (6.7) | 30.3 (6.5) | 0.888 |
Parity (n) | 3.5 (2.7) | 4.3 (2.6) | 0.072 | 4.1 (2.7) | 4.3 (2.5) | 0.504 |
Nulliparous, n (%) | 9 (20.0) | 40 (7.7) | 0.005 | 39 (8.1) | 10 (12.1) | 0.242 |
Educated, n (%) | 7 (15.9) | 114 (22.0) | 0.348 | 38 (20.8) | 83 (21.8) | 0.711 |
Hb (g/L) | 11.4 (1.5) | 11.3 (1.4) | 0.823 | 11.3 (1.5) | 11.4 (1.3) | 0.619 |
Supplement group, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.916e | Â | Â | 0.323e |
 FeFol | 10 (22.2) | 123 (23.3) |  | 48 (25.8) | 85 (22.0) |  |
 MMN | 13 (28.9) | 143 (27.1) |  | 49 (26.3) | 107 (27.7) |  |
 PE | 10 (22.2) | 129 (24.4) |  | 46 (24.7) | 93 (24.0) |  |
 PE + MMN | 12 (26.7) | 133 (25.2) |  | 43 (23.1) | 102 (26.4) |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | 19.7 (3.1) | 21.1 (3.4) | 0.008 | 20.3 (3.0) | 21.3 (3.5) | 0.001 |
BMI group), n (%) | Â | Â | 0.032e | Â | Â | 0.012e |
 Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 15 (34.1) | 103 (19.6) |  | 49 (26.8) | 69 (17.9) |  |
 Normal weight (18.5─24.9 kg/m2) | 26 (59.1) | 365 (69.5) |  | 119 (65.0) | 272 (70.5) |  |
 Overweight (≥25 kg/m2) | 3 (6.8) | 57 (10.9) |  | 15 (8.2) | 45 (11.7) |  |
Weight gain (enrolment to 20 weeks) (kg/week) | 0.28 (0.30) | 0.38 (0.35) | 0.048 | 0.34 (0.31) | 0.39 (0.37) | 0.062 |
20 weeks gestation | ||||||
Hb (g/dL) | 10.7 (1.3) | 10.9 (1.15) | 0.435 | 10.8 (1.2) | 10.9 (1.1) | 0.382 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.8 (3.0) | 22.0 (3.2) | 0.010 | 21.1 (2.8) | 22.3 (3.3) | < 0.001 |
Weight gain (20 to 30 weeks) (kg/week) | 0.30 (0.16) | 0.30 (0.21) | 0.986 | 0.29 (0.18) | 0.31 (0.22) | 0.256 |
30 weeks gestation | ||||||
Hb (g/dL) | 10.7 (1.4) | 10.6 (1.3) | 0.501 | 10.7 (1.4) | 10.6 (1.3) | 0.320 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 (3.0) | 23.1 (3.1) | 0.014 | 22.2 (2.7) | 23.4 (3.2) | < 0.001 |
Weight gain (enrolment to 30 weeks) (kg/week) | 0.30 (0.13) | 0.33 (0.18) | 0.260 | 0.30 (0.15) | 0.34 (0.19) | 0.028 |
Across pregnancy | ||||||
Morbidity episodes (n/week) | 0.18 (0.25) | 0.20 (0.24) | 0.694 | 0.17 (0.19) | 0.20 (0.26) | 0.117 |
Compliance to nutritional supplement (%)f | 87.6 (9.8) | 87.3 (14.4) | 0.839 | 88.0 (12.6) | 87.0 (14.7) | 0.393 |
Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 39.5 (1.1) | 40.2 (0.97) | < 0.001 | 40.3 (1.0) | 40.1 (0.97) | 0.012 |
Infant variables | ||||||
Sex, n (%): Female | 31 (68.9) | 261 (49.4) | 0.012 | 92 (49.5) | 200 (51.7) | 0.619 |
Birth season, n (%): dry (Nov-May) | 33 (73.3) | 322 (61.0) | 0.101 | 122 (65.6) | 233 (60.2) | 0.214 |