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Table 1 Comparison of participants characteristics (n = 573) by LBW and SGA infant statusa

From: Maternal plasma lipid levels across pregnancy and the risks of small-for-gestational age and low birth weight: a cohort study from rural Gambia

Variablesb

LBW (n = 45)

NBW (n = 528)

p-valuec

SGA (n = 186)

AGA (n = 387)

p-valuec

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Maternal variables

Enrolmentd

Gestational age (weeks)

14.9 (3.4)

13.8 (3.29)

0.034

14.1 (2.9)

13.8 (3.5)

0.249

Age (years)

29.2 (7.3)

30.4 (6.5)

0.274

30.3 (6.7)

30.3 (6.5)

0.888

Parity (n)

3.5 (2.7)

4.3 (2.6)

0.072

4.1 (2.7)

4.3 (2.5)

0.504

Nulliparous, n (%)

9 (20.0)

40 (7.7)

0.005

39 (8.1)

10 (12.1)

0.242

Educated, n (%)

7 (15.9)

114 (22.0)

0.348

38 (20.8)

83 (21.8)

0.711

Hb (g/L)

11.4 (1.5)

11.3 (1.4)

0.823

11.3 (1.5)

11.4 (1.3)

0.619

Supplement group, n (%)

  

0.916e

  

0.323e

 FeFol

10 (22.2)

123 (23.3)

 

48 (25.8)

85 (22.0)

 

 MMN

13 (28.9)

143 (27.1)

 

49 (26.3)

107 (27.7)

 

 PE

10 (22.2)

129 (24.4)

 

46 (24.7)

93 (24.0)

 

 PE + MMN

12 (26.7)

133 (25.2)

 

43 (23.1)

102 (26.4)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

19.7 (3.1)

21.1 (3.4)

0.008

20.3 (3.0)

21.3 (3.5)

0.001

BMI group), n (%)

  

0.032e

  

0.012e

 Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2)

15 (34.1)

103 (19.6)

 

49 (26.8)

69 (17.9)

 

 Normal weight (18.5─24.9 kg/m2)

26 (59.1)

365 (69.5)

 

119 (65.0)

272 (70.5)

 

 Overweight (≥25 kg/m2)

3 (6.8)

57 (10.9)

 

15 (8.2)

45 (11.7)

 

Weight gain (enrolment to 20 weeks) (kg/week)

0.28 (0.30)

0.38 (0.35)

0.048

0.34 (0.31)

0.39 (0.37)

0.062

20 weeks gestation

Hb (g/dL)

10.7 (1.3)

10.9 (1.15)

0.435

10.8 (1.2)

10.9 (1.1)

0.382

BMI (kg/m2)

20.8 (3.0)

22.0 (3.2)

0.010

21.1 (2.8)

22.3 (3.3)

< 0.001

Weight gain (20 to 30 weeks) (kg/week)

0.30 (0.16)

0.30 (0.21)

0.986

0.29 (0.18)

0.31 (0.22)

0.256

30 weeks gestation

Hb (g/dL)

10.7 (1.4)

10.6 (1.3)

0.501

10.7 (1.4)

10.6 (1.3)

0.320

BMI (kg/m2)

21.9 (3.0)

23.1 (3.1)

0.014

22.2 (2.7)

23.4 (3.2)

< 0.001

Weight gain (enrolment to 30 weeks) (kg/week)

0.30 (0.13)

0.33 (0.18)

0.260

0.30 (0.15)

0.34 (0.19)

0.028

Across pregnancy

Morbidity episodes (n/week)

0.18 (0.25)

0.20 (0.24)

0.694

0.17 (0.19)

0.20 (0.26)

0.117

Compliance to nutritional supplement (%)f

87.6 (9.8)

87.3 (14.4)

0.839

88.0 (12.6)

87.0 (14.7)

0.393

Gestational age at delivery (weeks)

39.5 (1.1)

40.2 (0.97)

< 0.001

40.3 (1.0)

40.1 (0.97)

0.012

Infant variables

Sex, n (%): Female

31 (68.9)

261 (49.4)

0.012

92 (49.5)

200 (51.7)

0.619

Birth season, n (%): dry (Nov-May)

33 (73.3)

322 (61.0)

0.101

122 (65.6)

233 (60.2)

0.214

  1. aThe total sample comprised 573 mother-infant pairs and was compared according to LBW (< 2.5 kg) versus NBW (≥2.5 kg) and SGA (<10th percentile INTERGROWTH-21ST for birth weight) vs AGA (≥10th percentile INTERGROWTH-21ST for birth weight) and each comparison included the total sample (n = 573)
  2. bValues are means with standard deviation (SD) unless otherwise specified
  3. cP-values were calculated from Student’s t-test with Welch correction for unequal sample sizes by comparing LBW to NBW groups and SGA to AGA groups
  4. dMean (SD) gestational age at enrolment was 13.9 (3.3) weeks gestation
  5. eP-values were calculated by ANOVA
  6. fCompliance to supplement was calculated by dividing the number of jars or tablets the women consumed by the number she received and multiplying by 100
  7. Abbreviations: AGA adequate-for-gestational-age, BMI body mass index, FeFol iron and folic acid, Hb hemoglobin, LBW low birth weight, MMN multiple micronutrient, NBW normal birth weight, PE protein energy, SGA small-for-gestational-age