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Table 3 Prevalence, unadjusted (OR) and odds ratios (AOR) for neonatal hypoglycaemia among Fijian women with GDM, 2013–2014

From: Factors associated with macrosomia, hypoglycaemia and low Apgar score among Fijian women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Variables

Prevalence of hypoglycaemia (%)

OR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

Maternal sociodemographic factors

 Age (years)

  18–25

21.7

1.00

 

1.00

 

  26–35

22.6

1.05

0.48, 2.33

0.82

0.32, 2.14

  ≥ 36

34.7

1.91

0.77, 4.77

1.31

0.40, 4.35

 Race/ethnicity

  Others§

31.8

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Itaukei Fijians

26.2

0.76

0.29, 2.03

0.97

0.30, 3.13

  FIDs

21.7

0.59

0.22, 1.63

0.95

0.26, 3.47

 Educational level

  Non-tertiary (primary/secondary)

26.9

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Tertiary (university/polytechnic)

21.5

0.74

0.41, 1.37

0.76

0.37, 1.56

 Marital status

  Not married

27.6

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Married

24.4

0.85

0.36, 2.03

0.72

0.26, 1.97

 Gravidity (number of pregnancies)

  Primigravid (first pregnancy)

11.8

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Multiparous (2/more children)

27.3

2.81

0.94, 8.40

2.42

0.67, 8.73

  Grand multiparous (≥5 children)

25.0

2.50

0.72, 8.70

1.46

0.29, 7.42

Maternal risk factors (yes, no)

 Family history of diabetes

  No

26.8

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Yes

22.8

0.81

0.46, 1.43

0.95

0.47, 1.95

 Previous history of GDM

  No

24.3

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Yes

36.4

1.78

0.50, 6.30

0.83

0.16, 4.39

 Previous baby > 4 kg

  No

22.6

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Yes

32.7

1.66

0.87, 3.20

1.19

0.51, 2.76

 Previous stillbirth

  No

24.7

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Yes

27.3

1.14

0.29, 4.45

1.42

0.27, 7.45

 Previous neonatal death

  No

24.2

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Yes

40.0

2.09

0.57, 7.66

3.96

0.79, 19.90

 Maternal BMI (kg/m2)

  Underweight/normal (< 25)

8.8

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Overweight (25–29.9)

32.5

4.98

1.28, 19.33*

5.49

1.01, 29.96*

  Obese (classes 1–3, ≥30.0)

27.5

3.92

1.14, 13.48*

4.34

0.87, 21.65

Antenatal factors

 Booking age of gestation (weeks)

  1st trimester (0–13)

24.1

1.00

 

1.00

 

  2nd trimester (14–27)

25.6

1.08

0.57, 2.07

1.72

0.68, 4.34

  3rd trimester (≥28)

23.8

0.99

0.41, 2.37

1.09

0.30, 3.95

 Age of gestation at GDM diagnosis (weeks)

  1st trimester (0–13)

38.5

1.00

 

1.00

 

  2nd trimester (14–27)

21.6

0.44

0.18, 1.10

0.40

0.10, 1.52

  3rd trimester (≥27)

24.8

0.53

0.22, 1.29

0.53

0.13, 2.17

 Age of gestation at delivery (weeks)

  < 37

39.5

1.00

 

1.00

 

  37–41

21.8

0.43

0.21, 0.85*

0.38

0.17, 0.89*

Maternal post-pregnancy factors

 Delivery intervention

  Induced labour

   No

23.3

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Yes

25.6

1.14

0.62, 2.09

0.52

0.06, 4.20

  Caesarean section

   No

21.0

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Yes

33.3

1.88

1.04, 3.40

2.86

0.15, 56.32

  Preeclampsia

   No

22.8

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Yes

33.3

1.69

0.86, 3.35

1.32

0.59, 3.01

  Polyhydramnios

   No

24.6

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Yes

50.0

3.06

0.18, 49.72

2.32

0.11, 48.31

  Endometritis

   No

24.7

1.00

 

–

 

   Yes

50.0

3.05

0.19, 49.5

–

–

  1. *Confidence Interval (CI) that does not include 1.00, significant
  2. BMI body mass index, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, FIDs Fijians of Indian Descent
  3. §others means part-Europeans, Chinese, and other Pacific Islanders