Table 2 Prevalence, unadjusted (OR) and odds ratios (AOR) for neonatal macrosomia among Fijian women with GDM, 2013–2014
Variables | Prevalence of macrosomia (%) | OR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal sociodemographic characteristic | |||||
 Age (years) | |||||
  18–25 | 17.4 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  26–35 | 25.0 | 1.58 | 0.68, 3.68 | 1.27 | 0.44, 3.72 |
  ≥ 36+ | 22.5 | 1.38 | 0.50, 3.80 | 0.70 | 0.17, 2.89 |
 Race/ethnicity | |||||
  Others§ | 31.8 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Itaukei Fijians | 31.0 | 0.96 |  | 0.95 | 0.29, 3.12 |
  FIDs | 12.2 | 0.30 | 0.10,0.80* | 0.50 | 0.12, 2.02 |
 Educational level | |||||
  Non-tertiary (primary/secondary) | 24.2 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Tertiary (university/polytechnic) | 21.5 | 0.86 | 0.46, 1.59 | 0.64 | 0.29, 1.42 |
 Marital status | |||||
  Not married | 40.0 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Married | 20.9 | 0.40 | 0.16, 0.88* | 0.29 | 0.11, 0.77* |
 Gravidity (number of pregnancies) | |||||
  Primigravid (first pregnancy) | 11.8 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Multiparous (2/more children) | 23.7 | 2.33 | 0.78, 7.00 | 1.17 | 0.30, 4.63 |
  Grand multiparous (≥5 children) | 29.6 | 3.15 | 0.92, 10.74 | 0.85 | 0.15, 4.69 |
Maternal risk factors (Yes/No) | |||||
 Family history of diabetes | |||||
  No | 28.4 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Yes | 17.8 | 0.55 | 0.31, 1.00 | 0.69 | 0.31, 1.54 |
 Previous history of GDM | |||||
  No | 23.4 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Yes | 18.2 | 0.73 | 0.15, 3.47 | 3.68 | 0.58, 23.40 |
 Previous baby > 4 kg | |||||
  No | 15.5 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Yes | 50.9 | 5.65 | 2.94, 10.86* | 6.08 | 2.46, 15.01* |
 Previous stillbirth | |||||
  No | 23.4 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Yes | 18.2 | 0.73 | 0.15, 3.47 | 0.51 | 0.07, 3.70 |
 Previous neonatal death | |||||
  No | 22.9 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Yes | 30.0 | 1.45 | 0.36, 5.78 | 2.92 | 0.46, 18.72 |
 Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
  Underweight / normal) | 17.1 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Overweight | 15.0 | 0.85 | 0.25, 2.93 | 0.93 | 0.21, 4.12 |
  Obese (classes 1–3, ≥30.0) | 26.3 | 1.72 | 0.67, 4.43 | 1.11 | 0.33, 3.71 |
Antenatal factors | |||||
 Booking age of gestation (weeks) | |||||
  1st trimester (0–13) | 12.7 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  2nd trimester (14–27) | 26.9 | 2.53 | 1.18, 5.45* | 1.59 | 0.60, 4.25 |
  3rd trimester (≥28) | 31.0 | 3.09 | 1.22, 7.85* | 0.67 | 0.18, 2.57 |
 Gestational age at GDM diagnosis (weeks) | |||||
  1st trimester (0–13) | 3.9 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  2nd trimester (14–27) | 21.6 | 6.90 | 0.89, 53.53 | 3.44 | 0.34, 34.81 |
  3rd trimester (≥27) | 28.8 | 10.12 | 1.32, 77.67* | 4.30 | 0.41, 45.30 |
 Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | |||||
   < 37 | 9.1 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  37–41 | 26.1 | 3.53 | 1.21, 10.31* | 2.72 | 0.75, 9.86 |
Maternal post-pregnancy factors | |||||
 Delivery intervention | |||||
  Induced labour | |||||
   No | 23.3 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
   Yes | 23.1 | 0.99 | 0.18, 0.50 | 1.37 | 0.13, 14.30 |
  Caesarean section | |||||
   No | 24.3 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
   Yes | 20.5 | 0.80 | 0.42, 1.54 | 1.16 | 0.55, 3.49 |
  Preeclampsia | |||||
   No | 23.2 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
   Yes | 22.9 | 0.98 | 0.47, 2.08 | 1.13 | 0.43, 3.02 |