Table 1 Characteristics of the study population by category of maternal exposure
Characteristics | All (n = 3241) | Non-smoking mothers | Smoking mothers | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-overweight mothers (N = 2177) | Overweight mothers (N = 514) | Non-overweight mothers (N = 421) | Overweight mothers (N = 129) | ||
% (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | |
Maternal age (years)* | |||||
< 25 | 5.7 (185) | 4.9 (106) | 4.9 (25) | 9.8 (41) | 10.2 (13) |
25–34 | 79.5 (2566) | 79.5 (1725) | 83.2 (425) | 75.4 (316) | 78.1 (100) |
≥ 35 | 14.8 (478) | 15.6 (340) | 11.9 (61) | 14.8 (62) | 11.7 (15) |
Mean (SD) | 30.5 (3.8) | 30.7 (3.7) | 30.0 (3.8) | 30.0 (4.2) | 29.5 (3.9) |
Maternal ethnicity | |||||
Dutch | 95.8 (3004) | 95.7 (2022) | 96.0 (486) | 96.0 (384) | 94.1 (112) |
Western, non- Dutch | 2.6 (82) | 2.8 (59) | 1.8 (9) | 2.3 (9) | 4.2 (5) |
Non-western | 1.6 (51) | 1.5 (31) | 2.2 (11) | 1.7 (7) | 1.7 (2) |
Education level* | |||||
Low | 21.8 (707) | 16.3 (355) | 27.6 (142) | 34.4 (144) | 51.2 (66) |
Intermediate | 41.6 (1347) | 41.3 (898) | 45.4 (233) | 40.1 (168) | 37.2 (48) |
High | 36.6 (1183) | 42.4 (922) | 27.0 (139) | 25.5 (107) | 11.6 (15) |
Presence of older siblings | |||||
None | 48.6 (1575) | 49.1 (1069) | 47.9 (246) | 47.7 (201) | 45.7 (59) |
1 or more | 51.4 (1666) | 50.9 (1108) | 52.1 (268) | 52.3 (220) | 54.3 (70) |
Gestational weight gain (kg)** | |||||
Mean (SD) | 13.8 (4.9) | 13.7 (4.4) | 12.9 (5.5) | 15.5 (5.6) | 13.3 (7.5) |
Birth weight (g)** | |||||
Mean (SD) | 3560 (482) | 3567 (469) | 3678 (472) | 3390 (500) | 3521 (524) |
SGA* | |||||
Yes | 7.7 (248) | 7.2 (157) | 4.3 (22) | 13.9 (58) | 8.7 (11) |
No | 92.3 (2978) | 92.8 (2011) | 95.7 (491) | 86.1 (360) | 91.3 (116) |
LGA* | |||||
Yes | 11.3 (364) | 10.5 (228) | 17.4 (89) | 7.9 (33) | 11.0 (14) |
No | 88.7 (2862) | 89.5 (1940) | 82.6 (424) | 92.1 (385) | 89.0 (113) |
Child’s gender | |||||
Girl | 48.5 (1573) | 48.1 (1048) | 47.9 (246) | 52.5 (221) | 45.0 (58) |
Boy | 51.5 (1668) | 51.9 (1129) | 52.1 (268) | 47.5 (200) | 55.0 (71) |