Table 4 Obstetric factors associated with stillbirth (bivariate analysis)
Variable | Categories | Cases N (%) | Controls N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parity | Grand multiparous (≥5) | 4 (2.7) | 8 (1.8) | 0.660 (0.194–2.239) | 0.505 |
Multiparous (2–4) | 47 (31.8) | 142 (32.0) | 0.99 (0.67–1.49) | 0.988 | |
Primiparous (1) | 97 (65.5) | 294 (66.2) | 1 | ||
Booking status | Not booked | 11 (7.4) | 2 (0.5) | 17.75 (3.89–81.03) | 0.000 |
Booked | 137 (92.6) | 442 (99.5) | 1 | ||
Place of ANCa | Primary care centre | 74 (53.2) | 169 (38.8) | 1.8 (1.22–2.64) | 0.003 |
Secondary care centre | 65 (46.8) | 267 (61.2) | 1 | ||
GA at first ANC | > 12 weeks | 135 (98.5) | 389 (88.4) | 8.11 (1.94–33.85) | 0.004 |
Visitb | ≤12 weeks | 2 (1.5) | 51 (11.6) | 1 | |
History of stillbirth | No | 146 (98.6) | 439 (98.9) | 1 | |
Yes | 2 (1.4) | 5 (1.1) | 1.21 (0.74–1.95) | 0.448 | |
Placenta praevia | No | 144 (97.3) | 439 (98.9) | 1 | |
Yes | 4 (2.7) | 5 (1.1) | 2.439 (0.65–9.21) | 0.188 | |
Placenta abruption | No | 137 (92.6) | 443 (99.8) | 1 | |
Yes | 11 (7.4) | 1 (0.2) | 35.57 (4.55–277.98) | 0.001 | |
PROM | No | 134 (90.5) | 427 (96.2) | 1 | |
Yes | 14 (9.5) | 17 (3.8) | 2.62 (1.26–5.47) | 0.010 | |
GA at rupture of membranes | 28–37 weeks | 10 (71.4) | 10 (2.3) | 5.71 (0.92–35.47) | 0.061 |
37–42 | 4 (28.6) | 9 (47.4) | 1 | ||
Chorioamnionitis | No | 146 (98.6) | 442 (99.5) | 1 | |
Yes | 2 (1.4) | 2 (0.5) | 3.03 (0.42–21.68) | 0.270 | |
Oligohydramnios | No | 142 (95.9) | 442 (99.5) | 1 | |
Yes | 6 (4.1) | 2 (0.5) | 9.34 (1.86–46.78) | 0.007 | |
Malpresentation | No | 146 (98.6) | 436 (98.2) | 1 | |
Yes | 2 (1.4) | 8 (1.8) | 0.76 (0.16–3.56) | 0.007 | |
Dystocia | No | 138 (93.2) | 433 (97.5) | 1 | |
Yes | 10 (6.8) | 11 (2.5) | 2.85 (1.19–6.86) | 0.019 | |
Acute foetal distress | No | 144 (97.3) | 434 (97.7) | 1 | |
Yes | 4 (2.7) | 10 (2.3) | 1.21 (0.37–3.90) | 0.755 | |
Sex | Male | 77 (52.0) | 229 (51.6) | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) | 0.924 |
Female | 71 (56.1) | 215 (48.4) | 1 | ||
Number of babiesc | One | 133 (94.3) | 416 (98.1) | 1 | |
Twin | 8 (5.7) | 8 (1.9) | 3.13 (1.15–8.5) | 0.025 | |
Birth weight (g) | < 2500 | 58 (39.2) | 34 (7.7) | 7.76 (4.65–12.96) | 0.000 |
2500–4000 | 83 (56.1) | 364 (82.0) | 1 | ||
> 4000 | 7 (4.7) | 46 (10.4) | 0.67 (0.65–3.44) | 0.340 | |
Gestational age (weeks) | 28–37 | 68 (45.9) | 55 (12.4) | 6.17 (3.88–9.81) | 0.000 |
37–42 | 70 (47.3) | 341 (76.8) | 1 | ||
> 42 | 10 (6.8) | 48 (10.8) | 1.02 (0.48–2.04) | 0.968 |