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Table 2 Maternal, socio-demographic and life style characteristics of the study participants by GDM status among women completed the follow up from pregnancy through to delivery in Gondar town public health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia March 2018- March, 2019 (n = 694)

From: Effects of gestational diabetes mellitus on risk of adverse maternal outcomes: a prospective cohort study in Northwest Ethiopia

Variables

Total Participants

(n = 694)

Blood glucose status

P value

GDM

n (%)

Non-GDM

n (%)

Maternal age (years )

27.69 ± 5.246

30.93 ± 5.015

27.01 ± 5.038

< 0.001

 < 25

197 (28.4)

16 (13.2)

181 (31.6)

< 0.001

 25–29

241 (34.7)

30 (24.8)

211 (36.8)

 30–34

162 (23.3)

42 (34.7)

120 (20.9)

 ≥ 35

94 (13.5)

33 (27.3)

61 (10.6)

Marital status

 Married

639 (92.1)

105 (86.8)

534 (93.2)

0.018

 Single and othersa

55 (7.9)

16 (13.2)

39 (6.8)

Educational level

 Not formal education

134 (19.3)

31 (25.6)

103 (18)

0.032

 Primary education

155 (22.3)

32 (26.4)

123 (21.5)

 Secondary education and above

405 (58.4)

58 (47.9)

347 (60.6)

Employment status

 Employed

275 (39.6)

62 (51.2)

213 (37.2)

0.004

 Unemployed

419 (60.4)

59 (48.8)

360 (62.8)

Monthly income (birr)

3169.22 ± 3167.781

3232.96 ± 3197.301

3155.76 ± 3164.162

0.808

 < 1500

152 (21.9)

29 (24)

123 (21.5)

0.472

 1500-2499

185 (26.7)

26 (21.5)

159 (27.7)

 2500-3999

165 (23.8)

28 (23.1)

137(23.9)

 ≥ 4000

192 (27.7)

38 (31.4)

154 (26.9)

Parity

 Nullipara

340 (49)

49 (40.5)

291 (50.8)

0.052

 Primipara

180 (25.9)

32 (26.4)

148 (25.8)

 Multipara

174 (25.1)

40 (33.1)

134 (23.4)

Previous history of adverse pregnancy outcome***

 Yes

151 (37.8)

36 (45.6)

115 (35.8)

0.109

 No

249 (62.3)

43 (54.4)

206 (64.2)

Family history of diabetes

 Yes

50 (7.2)

26 (21.5)

24 (4.2)

< 0.001

 No

644 (92.8)

95 (78.5)

549 (95.8)

MUAC

24.74 ± 3.139

26.64 ± 4.074

24.34 ± 2.745

< 0.001

 MUAC < 28 cm

576 (83)

76 (62.8)

500 (87.3)

< 0.001

 MUAC ≥ 28 cm

118 (17)

45 (37.2)

73 (12.7)

Hemoglobin (g/dl) b

12.666 ±1.7575

12.333 ±1.7834

12.735 ±1.7455

0.024

Anemic status

 Normal

593 (87.1)

96 (81.4)

497 (88.3)

0.042

 Anemia

88 (12.9)

22 (18.6)

66 (11.7)

Alcohol use

 Yes

312 (45)

48 (39.7)

264 (46.1)

0.198

 No

382 (55)

73 (60.3)

309 (53.9)

Coffee intake

 Yes

484 (69.7)

82 (67.8)

402 (70.2)

0.603

 No

210 (30.3)

39 (32.2)

171 (29.8)

Dietary diversity status

 Adequate

322 (46.4)

29 (24)

293 (51.1)

< 0.001

 Inadequate

372 (53.6)

92 (76)

280 (48.9)

Level of physical activity

 High

208 (30)

20 (16.5)

188 (32.8)

< 0.001

 Moderate

317 (45.7)

30 (24.8)

287 (50.1)

 Low

169 (24.4)

71 (58.7)

98 (17.1)

Antenatal depression

 Yes

70 (10.1)

31 (25.6)

39 (6.8)

< 0.001

 No

624 (89.9)

90 (74.4)

534 (93.2)

  1. GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus a=Divorced or widowed b = participants with hemoglobin data (n=681)
  2. c= participants with prior history of pregnancy (n=400) MUAC=mid upper arm circumference cm=centimeter