Variables | Total Participants (n = 694) | Blood glucose status | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
GDM n (%) | Non-GDM n (%) | |||
Maternal age (years ) | 27.69 ± 5.246 | 30.93 ± 5.015 | 27.01 ± 5.038 | < 0.001 |
 < 25 | 197 (28.4) | 16 (13.2) | 181 (31.6) | < 0.001 |
 25–29 | 241 (34.7) | 30 (24.8) | 211 (36.8) | |
 30–34 | 162 (23.3) | 42 (34.7) | 120 (20.9) | |
 ≥ 35 | 94 (13.5) | 33 (27.3) | 61 (10.6) | |
Marital status | ||||
 Married | 639 (92.1) | 105 (86.8) | 534 (93.2) | 0.018 |
 Single and othersa | 55 (7.9) | 16 (13.2) | 39 (6.8) | |
Educational level | ||||
 Not formal education | 134 (19.3) | 31 (25.6) | 103 (18) | 0.032 |
 Primary education | 155 (22.3) | 32 (26.4) | 123 (21.5) | |
 Secondary education and above | 405 (58.4) | 58 (47.9) | 347 (60.6) | |
Employment status | ||||
 Employed | 275 (39.6) | 62 (51.2) | 213 (37.2) | 0.004 |
 Unemployed | 419 (60.4) | 59 (48.8) | 360 (62.8) | |
Monthly income (birr) | 3169.22 ± 3167.781 | 3232.96 ± 3197.301 | 3155.76 ± 3164.162 | 0.808 |
 < 1500 | 152 (21.9) | 29 (24) | 123 (21.5) | 0.472 |
 1500-2499 | 185 (26.7) | 26 (21.5) | 159 (27.7) | |
 2500-3999 | 165 (23.8) | 28 (23.1) | 137(23.9) | |
 ≥ 4000 | 192 (27.7) | 38 (31.4) | 154 (26.9) | |
Parity | ||||
 Nullipara | 340 (49) | 49 (40.5) | 291 (50.8) | 0.052 |
 Primipara | 180 (25.9) | 32 (26.4) | 148 (25.8) | |
 Multipara | 174 (25.1) | 40 (33.1) | 134 (23.4) | |
Previous history of adverse pregnancy outcome*** | ||||
 Yes | 151 (37.8) | 36 (45.6) | 115 (35.8) | 0.109 |
 No | 249 (62.3) | 43 (54.4) | 206 (64.2) | |
Family history of diabetes | ||||
 Yes | 50 (7.2) | 26 (21.5) | 24 (4.2) | < 0.001 |
 No | 644 (92.8) | 95 (78.5) | 549 (95.8) | |
MUAC | 24.74 ± 3.139 | 26.64 ± 4.074 | 24.34 ± 2.745 | < 0.001 |
 MUAC < 28 cm | 576 (83) | 76 (62.8) | 500 (87.3) | < 0.001 |
 MUAC ≥ 28 cm | 118 (17) | 45 (37.2) | 73 (12.7) | |
Hemoglobin (g/dl) b | 12.666 ±1.7575 | 12.333 ±1.7834 | 12.735 ±1.7455 | 0.024 |
Anemic status | ||||
 Normal | 593 (87.1) | 96 (81.4) | 497 (88.3) | 0.042 |
 Anemia | 88 (12.9) | 22 (18.6) | 66 (11.7) | |
Alcohol use | ||||
 Yes | 312 (45) | 48 (39.7) | 264 (46.1) | 0.198 |
 No | 382 (55) | 73 (60.3) | 309 (53.9) | |
Coffee intake | ||||
 Yes | 484 (69.7) | 82 (67.8) | 402 (70.2) | 0.603 |
 No | 210 (30.3) | 39 (32.2) | 171 (29.8) | |
Dietary diversity status | ||||
 Adequate | 322 (46.4) | 29 (24) | 293 (51.1) | < 0.001 |
 Inadequate | 372 (53.6) | 92 (76) | 280 (48.9) | |
Level of physical activity | ||||
 High | 208 (30) | 20 (16.5) | 188 (32.8) | < 0.001 |
 Moderate | 317 (45.7) | 30 (24.8) | 287 (50.1) | |
 Low | 169 (24.4) | 71 (58.7) | 98 (17.1) | |
Antenatal depression | ||||
 Yes | 70 (10.1) | 31 (25.6) | 39 (6.8) | < 0.001 |
 No | 624 (89.9) | 90 (74.4) | 534 (93.2) |