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Table 3 Descriptives for individual and socioeconomic characteristic before and after PSM

From: The impact of antenatal care on under‐five mortality in Ethiopia: a difference‐in‐differences analysis

 

% Before PSM

 

%After PSM

 

ANC visits

  

ANC visits

 

No

Yes

  

No

Yes

Characteristics

n = 13,044

n = 9251

p-value

n = 4562

n = 4562

p-value

The child is a twin or single birth

< 0.001

  

0.153

 Single birth/not a twin

58.4

41.6

 

50.1

49.9

 

 1st of multiple births

70.5

29.5

 

38.2

61.8

 

 2nd of multiple births

56.8

43.2

 

43.5

56.5

 

 3rd of multiple births

0

100.0

 

0

0

 

Size of the child at birth

 

< 0.001

  

0.390

 Very large

54.4

45.6

 

50.7

49.3

 

 Larger than average

57.7

42.3

 

49.7

50.3

 

 Average

57.1

42.9

 

50.1

49.9

 

 Smaller than average

63.9

36.1

 

46.7

53.3

 

 Very small

62.8

37.2

 

50.7

49.3

 

Child’s birth order number

< 0.001

  

0.523

 1

45.7

54.3

 

48.7

51.3

 

 2–4

57.7

42.3

 

50.1

49.9

 

 5+

66.7

33.3

 

50.4

49.6

 

Length of preceding birth interval

< 0.001

  

0.520

 First birth

45.6

54.4

 

49.1

50.9

 

 Less than 12 months

76.4

23.6

 

50.0

50.0

 

 12–23 months

71.0

29.0

 

48.6

51.4

 

 24 + months

58.8

41.2

 

50.5

49.5

 

Age of mother

 

< 0.001

  

0.932

 15–19

50.7

49.3

 

49.7

50.3

 

 20–24

54.2

45.8

 

49.3

50.7

 

 25–29

58.2

41.8

 

49.9

50.1

 

 30–34

59.8

40.2

 

50.8

49.2

 

 35–39

61.5

38.5

 

50.0

50.0

 

 40–44

64.4

35.6

 

51.2

48.8

 

 45–49

66.8

33.2

 

47.3

52.7

 

Age at the time of first birth

< 0.001

  

0.386

 Less than 18 years

62.8

37.2

 

50.6

49.4

 

 18–21 years

58.3

41.7

 

50.1

49.9

 

 22–29 years

51.8

48.2

 

48.4

51.6

 

 30 + years

40.4

59.6

 

44.0

56.0

 

Highest educational level

< 0.001

  

0.961

 No education

69.3

30.7

 

50.0

50.0

 

 Primary

44.1

55.9

 

50.1

49.9

 

 Secondary

14.4

85.6

 

48.5

51.5

 

 Higher

5.1

94.9

 

52.6

47.4

 

Household wealth index

< 0.001

  

0.703

 Poorest

75.9

24.1

 

49.9

50.1

 

 Poorer

65.0

35.0

 

50.2

49.8

 

 Middle

60.5

39.5

 

51.3

48.7

 

 Richer

55.9

44.1

 

49.3

50.7

 

 Richest

21.9

78.1

 

48.9

51.1

 

Urban-rural status

 

< 0.001

  

1.000

 Urban

21.5

78.5

 

50

50

 

 Rural

66.5

33.5

 

50

50

 

Region

  

< 0.001

  

0.791

 Tigray

39.4

60.6

 

51.1

48.9

 

 Affar

75.9

24.1

 

49.4

50.6

 

 Amhara

58.8

41.2

 

51.2

48.8

 

 Oromia

68.4

31.6

 

50.3

49.7

 

 Somali

75.0

25.0

 

50.9

49.1

 

 Benishangul-Gumuz

61.1

38.9

 

50.2

49.8

 

 Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples

61.3

38.7

 

49.9

50.1

 

 Gambela

57.2

42.8

 

47.9

52.1

 

 Harari

45.6

54.4

 

46.1

53.9

 

 Addis Ababa

4.6

95.4

 

54.5

45.5

 

 Dire Dawa

43.1

56.9

 

48.6

51.4

 

Religion

  

< 0.001

  

0.669

 MUSLIM

65.4

34.6

 

49.9

50.1

 

 Catholic

58.0

42.0

 

46.5

53.5

 

 Orthodox

44.3

55.7

 

50.7

49.3

 

 Protestant

61.0

39.0

 

49.6

50.4

 

 Others

81.3

18.7

 

44.4

55.6