% Before PSM | %After PSM | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANC visits | ANC visits | |||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | |||
Characteristics | n = 13,044 | n = 9251 | p-value | n = 4562 | n = 4562 | p-value |
The child is a twin or single birth | < 0.001 | 0.153 | ||||
Single birth/not a twin | 58.4 | 41.6 | 50.1 | 49.9 | ||
1st of multiple births | 70.5 | 29.5 | 38.2 | 61.8 | ||
2nd of multiple births | 56.8 | 43.2 | 43.5 | 56.5 | ||
3rd of multiple births | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Size of the child at birth | < 0.001 | 0.390 | ||||
Very large | 54.4 | 45.6 | 50.7 | 49.3 | ||
Larger than average | 57.7 | 42.3 | 49.7 | 50.3 | ||
Average | 57.1 | 42.9 | 50.1 | 49.9 | ||
Smaller than average | 63.9 | 36.1 | 46.7 | 53.3 | ||
Very small | 62.8 | 37.2 | 50.7 | 49.3 | ||
Child’s birth order number | < 0.001 | 0.523 | ||||
1 | 45.7 | 54.3 | 48.7 | 51.3 | ||
2–4 | 57.7 | 42.3 | 50.1 | 49.9 | ||
5+ | 66.7 | 33.3 | 50.4 | 49.6 | ||
Length of preceding birth interval | < 0.001 | 0.520 | ||||
First birth | 45.6 | 54.4 | 49.1 | 50.9 | ||
Less than 12 months | 76.4 | 23.6 | 50.0 | 50.0 | ||
12–23 months | 71.0 | 29.0 | 48.6 | 51.4 | ||
24 + months | 58.8 | 41.2 | 50.5 | 49.5 | ||
Age of mother | < 0.001 | 0.932 | ||||
15–19 | 50.7 | 49.3 | 49.7 | 50.3 | ||
20–24 | 54.2 | 45.8 | 49.3 | 50.7 | ||
25–29 | 58.2 | 41.8 | 49.9 | 50.1 | ||
30–34 | 59.8 | 40.2 | 50.8 | 49.2 | ||
35–39 | 61.5 | 38.5 | 50.0 | 50.0 | ||
40–44 | 64.4 | 35.6 | 51.2 | 48.8 | ||
45–49 | 66.8 | 33.2 | 47.3 | 52.7 | ||
Age at the time of first birth | < 0.001 | 0.386 | ||||
Less than 18 years | 62.8 | 37.2 | 50.6 | 49.4 | ||
18–21 years | 58.3 | 41.7 | 50.1 | 49.9 | ||
22–29 years | 51.8 | 48.2 | 48.4 | 51.6 | ||
30 + years | 40.4 | 59.6 | 44.0 | 56.0 | ||
Highest educational level | < 0.001 | 0.961 | ||||
No education | 69.3 | 30.7 | 50.0 | 50.0 | ||
Primary | 44.1 | 55.9 | 50.1 | 49.9 | ||
Secondary | 14.4 | 85.6 | 48.5 | 51.5 | ||
Higher | 5.1 | 94.9 | 52.6 | 47.4 | ||
Household wealth index | < 0.001 | 0.703 | ||||
Poorest | 75.9 | 24.1 | 49.9 | 50.1 | ||
Poorer | 65.0 | 35.0 | 50.2 | 49.8 | ||
Middle | 60.5 | 39.5 | 51.3 | 48.7 | ||
Richer | 55.9 | 44.1 | 49.3 | 50.7 | ||
Richest | 21.9 | 78.1 | 48.9 | 51.1 | ||
Urban-rural status | < 0.001 | 1.000 | ||||
Urban | 21.5 | 78.5 | 50 | 50 | ||
Rural | 66.5 | 33.5 | 50 | 50 | ||
Region | < 0.001 | 0.791 | ||||
Tigray | 39.4 | 60.6 | 51.1 | 48.9 | ||
Affar | 75.9 | 24.1 | 49.4 | 50.6 | ||
Amhara | 58.8 | 41.2 | 51.2 | 48.8 | ||
Oromia | 68.4 | 31.6 | 50.3 | 49.7 | ||
Somali | 75.0 | 25.0 | 50.9 | 49.1 | ||
Benishangul-Gumuz | 61.1 | 38.9 | 50.2 | 49.8 | ||
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples | 61.3 | 38.7 | 49.9 | 50.1 | ||
Gambela | 57.2 | 42.8 | 47.9 | 52.1 | ||
Harari | 45.6 | 54.4 | 46.1 | 53.9 | ||
Addis Ababa | 4.6 | 95.4 | 54.5 | 45.5 | ||
Dire Dawa | 43.1 | 56.9 | 48.6 | 51.4 | ||
Religion | < 0.001 | 0.669 | ||||
MUSLIM | 65.4 | 34.6 | 49.9 | 50.1 | ||
Catholic | 58.0 | 42.0 | 46.5 | 53.5 | ||
Orthodox | 44.3 | 55.7 | 50.7 | 49.3 | ||
Protestant | 61.0 | 39.0 | 49.6 | 50.4 | ||
Others | 81.3 | 18.7 | 44.4 | 55.6 |