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Table 3 Multivariable hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of incident CVD according to the number of live births among women and men: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, Iran, 1999–2016

From: Number of parity/live birth(s) and cardiovascular disease among Iranian women and men: results of over 15 years of follow-up

 

Women

Men

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

HR (95% CI)

p-value

HR (95% CI)

p-value

HR (95% CI)

p-value

HR (95% CI)

p-value

Number of Live births

 1

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 2

0.89 (0.44–1.80)

0.752

0.86 (0.43–1.73)

0.676

2.00 (1.26–3.16)

0.003

1.97 (1.24–3.12)

0.004

 3

1.57 (0.83–2.97)

0.162

1.42 (0.75–2.70)

0.279

2.25 (1.42–3.58)

0.001

2.08 (1.31–3.31)

0.002

 ≥ 4

2.17 (1.18–4.00)

0.012

1.72 (0.92–3.21)

0.087

2.20 (1.37–3.52)

0.001

2.08 (1.30–3.34)

0.002

Age (year)

1.07 (1.06–1.08)

< 0.001

1.04 (1.03–1.06)

< 0.001

1.05 (1.04–1.06)

< 0.001

1.05 (1.04–1.06)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

  

1.01 (0.98–1.03)

0.613

  

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

0.270

T2DM, yes

  

2.37 (1.93–2.91)

< 0.001

  

2.37 (1.89–2.96)

<  0.001

Hypertension, yes

  

1.83 (1.49–2.25)

< 0.001

  

1.56 (1.29–1.90)

<  0.001

Hypercholesterolemia, yes

  

1.80 (1.37–2.38)

< 0.001

  

1.47 (1.22–1.77)

<  0.001

Low physical activity, yes

  

1.13 (0.91–1.40)

0.266

  

1.04 (0.85–1.26)

0.728

Educational levels

 Illiterate/primary school

  

Reference

   

Reference

 

 Below diploma/diploma

  

0.86 (0.64–1.14)

0.284

  

1.14 (0.93–1.41)

0.211

 Above diploma

  

0.79 (0.40–1.57)

0.503

  

0.96 (0.71–1.29)

0.771

Smoking status

 Never

  

Reference

   

Reference

 

 Former

  

1.11 (0.71–1.71)

0.653

  

1.27 (1.01–1.60)

0.039

 Current

  

1.68 (1.11–2.55)

0.014

  

1.60 (1.30–1.97)

<  0.001

FH of premature CVD, yes

  

1.62 (1.32–2.00)

< 0.001

  

1.33 (1.05–1.69)

0.020

History of miscarriage, yes

  

1.17 (0.98–1.41)

0.090

    

OCP use, yes

  

0.50 (0.20–1.22)

0.126

    
  1. BMI Body mass index, T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus, OCP Oral contraceptive pill, CVD Cardiovascular disease, FH Family history
  2. Model 1: adjusted for age
  3. Model 2: for women: adjusted for age, BMI, T2DM, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, educational levels, smoking status, family history of premature CVD, history of miscarriage, and OCP use; for men: adjusted for age, BMI, T2DM, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, educational levels, smoking status, and family history of premature CVD