Table 3 Variables associated with low weight at birth in OECD countries (2000–2015)
Variable | Coefficient (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|
Demographic and economic characteristics | ||
Women in general population (percentage) | 0.15 (0.01, 0.29) | 0.03 |
Fertility rate (per woman in fertility age) | −0.17 (−0.50, 0.17) | 0.33 |
Natality rate (per 1000 inhabitants) | 0.002 (−0.041, 0.045) | 0.92 |
Per capita GDP (thousand $) | −0.012 (− 0.018, − 0.007) | < 0.001 |
General health, healthy habits and preventive measures | ||
Number of cigarettes per smoker and day | 0.20 (0.13, 0.27) | < 0.001 |
Ethanol (yearly litres per capita) | −0.04 (− 0.09, 0.01) | 0.11 |
People aged 15–24 reporting good health (percentage) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.009 |
People aged 25–44 reporting good health (percentage) | 0.007 (−0.006, 0.021) | 0.29 |
Breast cancer screening (coverage in percentage) | −0.022 (− 0.029, − 0.014) | < 0.001 |
Cervical cancer screening (coverage in percentage) | − 0.028 (− 0.036, − 0.019) | < 0.001 |
Health care system organization and funding | ||
Investment in health care (percentage of GDP) | 0.12 (0.06, 0.18) | < 0.001 |
Health care coverage (in percentage) | −0.041 (− 0.061, − 0.022) | < 0.001 |
Public health system coverage (percentage) | − 0.021 (− 0.030, − 0.012) | < 0.001 |
Private health system coverage (percentage) | 0.025 (0.014, 0.035) | < 0.001 |
Hospitals per million inhabitants | −0.023 (− 0.031, − 0.014) | < 0.001 |
Health care work force | ||
Health care workers (per 1000 inhabitants) | − 0.020 (− 0.027, − 0.013) | < 0.001 |
Physicians (per 1000 inhabitants) | −0.205 (− 0.411, 0.000) | 0.05 |
General practitioners (per 1000 inhabitants) | 0.147 (−0.140, 0.434) | 0.32 |
Paediatricians (per 1000 inhabitants) | 9.39 (7.52, 11.27) | < 0.001 |
Obstetricians (per 1000 inhabitants) | 7.31 (4.63, 9.99) | < 0.001 |
Obstetricians (per 1000 births) | 0.031 (0.009, 0.054) | 0.006 |
Midwifes (per 1000 inhabitants) | −2.64 (−3.39, −1.90) | < 0.001 |
Midwifes (per 1000 births) | −0.026 (−0.036, − 0.016) | < 0.001 |
Nurses (no midwifes) (per 1000 inhabitants) | −0.170 (− 0.206, − 0.134) | < 0.001 |
Obstetrics care | ||
Average length of admission due to pregnancy | 0.243 (0.124, 0.363) | < 0.001 |
Average length of admission due to single birth | 0.214 (0.110, 0.319) | < 0.001 |
Average length of admission due to other births | 0.016 (−0.053, 0.085) | 0.65 |
Average length of admission due to puerperium-associated complications | 0.500 (0.352, 0.648) | < 0.001 |
Caesarean rate (per 1000 newborns) | 0.0073 (0.0058, 0.0088) | < 0.001 |