Table 2 Rates of elective cesarean section in primiparous and multiparous women by maternal characteristics

Attitude towards intimate partner violence

Violence not justified

10.2

20.8

**

16.2

**

Violence justified

9.6

8.0

9.1

Education level

Primary or less

15.9

10.9

**

11.6

**

Secondary

9.1

16.1

13.1

Tertiary

10.9

32.7

20.3

Own mobile phone

Has her own mobile phone

10.1

20.0

**

15.7

**

Does not have mobile phone

9.7

6.7

7.9

Work in the previous 12 months

Worked for wages/salary

9.3

18.7

14.8

Did not work

12.9

16.9

15.1

Number of antenatal care visits

3 or fewer

5.1

**

14.6

**

11.4

**

4 to 7

8.7

15.5

12.5

8 or more

14.0

27.2

20.4

Assistance at antenatal care

Doctor

9.9

18.3

14.6

No doctor

13.8

19.4

17.8

Age at delivery (years)

15-19

5.2

**

14.3

*

5.8

**

20-34

10.3

17.1

14.3

35-49

31.3

26.5

27.0

Place of delivery

Public sector

9.9

17.9

14.4

*

Private sector

15.8

25.7

23.6

Perceived size of newborn

Average

8.1

**

18.3

13.8

*

Larger than average

29.4

17.0

21.0

Smaller than average

8.5

21.0

15.6

Sex of newborn

Female

8.8

18.4

14.2

Male

11.1

18.4

15.3

Household

Poorest

6.9

10.4

**

8.3

**

Quintile of wealth

Poor

10.9

13.3

12.3

Middle

6.5

13.1

10.6

Rich

9.2

18.3

13.8

Richest

16.3

34.9

27.7

Ethnicity of Household head

Kinh, Hoa

10.2

19.2

*

15.5

*

Ethnic minority

9.3

10.8

10.0

Place of Residence

Rural

8.2

**

12.5

**

10.7

**

Urban

14.4

31.4

24.1

Region

North-Central

12.7

*

16.6

**

15.1

**

Red River Delta

6.3

18.3

13.8

North Midlands

13.8

12.9

13.5

Central Highlands

5.3

10.2

8.0

Southeast

13.9

27.8

21.6

Mekong River Delta

5.2

18.5

12.9