Table 2 Early Stimulation Behaviors Performed by Pregnant Women and their Families, Northern Ghana (N = 374)
Early Stimulation Behavior | Total n (%) |
|---|---|
Performed by pregnant women: | |
 Touching and/or talking to the belly | |
  Never | 158 (42.2) |
  Rarely | 43 (11.5) |
  Sometimes | 132 (35.3) |
  Frequently | 41 (11.0) |
 Singing | |
  Never | 267 (71.4) |
  Rarely | 40 (10.7) |
  Sometimes | 58 (15.5) |
  Frequently | 9 (2.4) |
 Telling about family | |
  Never | 284 (75.9) |
  Rarely | 36 (9.6) |
  Sometimes | 49 (13.1) |
  Frequently | 5 (1.4) |
 Dancing | |
  Never | 240 (64.2) |
  Rarely | 39 (10.4) |
  Sometimes | 89 (23.8) |
  Frequently | 6 (1.6) |
Any communication combined (touch and/or talking, singing, and/or telling about family) | |
 Never | 136 (36.4) |
 Rarely | 38 (10.2) |
 Sometimes | 152 (40.6) |
 Frequently | 48 (12.8) |
Performed by Family Members: | |
 Encourage older children to touch/ talk to the belly | |
  Never | 290 (77.5) |
  Rarely | 28 (7.5) |
  Sometimes | 48 (12.8) |
  Frequently | 8 (2.1) |
 Encourage partner/husband to touch/talk | |
  Never | 238 (63.6) |
  Rarely | 44 (11.8) |
  Sometimes | 79 (21.1) |
  Frequently | 13 (3.5) |