Table 4 Multivariable logistic regression of socio-demographics and pregnancy-related variables associated with caesarean deliveries
PDHS 1990–91 (n = 4029) | PDHS 2006–07 (n = 5721) | PDHS 2012–13 (n = 7461) | PDHS 2017–18 (n = 8287) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Socio-demographics | ||||||||||||
Mother’s age at birth (in years) | ||||||||||||
Less than 18 | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | |||||||
18–20 | – | – | – | 1.26 | 0.85–1.85 | 0.250 | 1.10 | 0.84–1.44 | 0.511 | 1.12 | 0.90–1.41 | 0.315 |
21–24 | – | – | – | 1.31 | 0.81–2.22 | 0.267 | 1.40 | 1.09–1.78 | < 0.001 | 1.30 | 1.06–1.60 | < 0.001 |
More than 24 | – | – | – | 1.30 | 0.89–1.92 | 0.179 | 1.73 | 1.37–2.24 | < 0.001 | 1.79 | 1.43–2.22 | < 0.001 |
Children’s birth order | ||||||||||||
1 | 5.99 | 0.89–40.18 | 0.650 | 0.90 | 0.46–1.77 | 0.758 | 1.17 | 0.67–2.04 | 0.590 | 0.13 | 0.07–0.22 | < 0.001 |
2–3 | 7.30 | 1.48–36.02 | 0.151 | 2.04 | 1.09–3.80 | < 0.001 | 0.90 | 0.54–1.50 | 0.676 | 0.13 | 0.07–0.23 | < 0.001 |
4–5 | 8.10 | 1.54–37.04 | 0.104 | 1.63 | 1.00–2.66 | < 0.001 | 0.70 | 0.46–1.06 | 0.090 | 0.11 | 0.06–0.20 | < 0.001 |
6 and above | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Mother’s education | ||||||||||||
No education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Primary | 1.91 | 0.59–6.15 | 0.279 | 1.28 | 0.86–1.91 | 0.219 | 1.04 | 0.80–1.35 | 0.788 | 0.86 | 0.68–1.08 | 0.182 |
Middle | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Secondary | 4.93 | 1.97–12.34 | < 0.001 | 1.21 | 0.81–1.80 | 0.353 | 1.04 | 0.81–1.34 | 0.740 | 1.09 | 0.89–1.34 | 0.387 |
Higher | 8.60 | 2.00–36.92 | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.56–1.73 | 0.985 | 1.12 | 0.84–1.48 | 0.440 | 1.35 | 1.07–1.69 | < 0.001 |
Mother’s occupation | ||||||||||||
Not working | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Unskilled | – | – | – | 1.50 | 0.63–3.57 | 0.360 | 0.72 | 0.44–1.15 | 0.169 | 0.68 | 0.13–3.54 | 0.642 |
Skilled | – | – | – | 0.89 | 0.58–1.36 | 0.583 | 1.06 | 0.80–1.42 | 0.671 | 1.09 | 0.74–1.62 | 0.659 |
Professional/Technical/Managerial | – | – | – | 1.05 | 0.44–2.51 | 0.912 | 1.04 | 0.70–1.54 | 0.858 | 0.78 | 0.43–1.41 | 0.407 |
Wealth index | ||||||||||||
Poorest | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Poorer | – | – | – | 0.82 | 0.38–1.77 | 0.614 | 1.01 | 0.67–1.50 | 0.979 | 1.33 | 0.99–1.78 | 0.058 |
Middle | – | – | – | 1.72 | 0.87–3.41 | 0.122 | 1.06 | 0.72–1.57 | 0.770 | 1.66 | 1.24–2.23 | < 0.001 |
Richer | – | – | – | 2.57 | 1.30–5.07 | < 0.001 | 1.38 | 0.93–2.05 | 0.115 | 1.98 | 1.46–2.68 | < 0.001 |
Richest | – | – | – | 3.25 | 1.57–6.70 | < 0.001 | 1.66 | 1.08–2.54 | < 0.001 | 2.20 | 1.59–3.05 | < 0.001 |
Type of residence | ||||||||||||
Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Urban | 2.37 | 0.77–7.31 | 0.135 | 1.12 | 0.81–1.55 | 0.507 | 1.75 | 1.44–2.13 | < 0.001 | 1.04 | 0.90–1.22 | 0.584 |
Region | ||||||||||||
Baluchistan | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Islamabad Capital Territory | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.38 | 0.23–0.64 | < 0.001 | 0.39 | 0.28–0.52 | < 0.001 |
Punjab | 0.30 | 0.07–1.38 | 0.122 | 0.69 | 0.49–0.96 | < 0.001 | 1.95 | 1.48–2.57 | < 0.001 | 0.88 | 0.73–1.07 | 0.209 |
Sindh | 0.37 | 0.16–0.84 | < 0.001 | 0.39 | 0.25–0.61 | < 0.001 | 1.44 | 1.08–1.93 | < 0.001 | 0.27 | 0.21–0.34 | < 0.001 |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 0.32 | 0.11–0.98 | < 0.001 | 0.39 | 0.18–0.82 | < 0.001 | 0.66 | 0.47–0.91 | < 0.001 | 0.30 | 0.22–0.43 | < 0.001 |
Gilgit Baltistan | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.47 | 0.30–0.73 | < 0.001 | 0.70 | 0.54–0.89 | 0.004 |
AJK | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.80 | 0.64–1.00 | 0.054 |
FATA | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.18 | 0.11–0.28 | < 0.001 |
Pregnancy-related variables | ||||||||||||
Pregnancy complication | ||||||||||||
No | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | ||||
Yes | – | – | – | 1.80 | 1.34–2.42 | < 0.001 | 1.31 | 1.11–1.55 | 0.001 | – | – | – |
Number of antenatal care visits | ||||||||||||
None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
1–3 | 6.95 | 1.82–26.54 | < 0.001 | 1.30 | 0.82–2.06 | 0.260 | 2.51 | 1.49–4.52 | < 0.001 | 1.49 | 0.93–2.37 | 0.097 |
4 and above | 9.64 | 2.61–35.61 | < 0.001 | 2.26 | 1.64–3.11 | < 0.001 | 4.24 | 4.67–6.42 | < 0.001 | 2.21 | 1.39–3.52 | < 0.001 |
Place of delivery | ||||||||||||
Public | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | ||||
Private | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.05 | 0.88–1.25 | 0.627 | 1.45 | 1.26–1.68 | < 0.001 |
Size of the baby at birth | ||||||||||||
Below average | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | ||||
Normal | – | – | – | 0.84 | 0.61–1.14 | 0.259 | – | – | – | 1.08 | 0.80–1.45 | 0.794 |
Number of children | ||||||||||||
1–2 | 1.22 | 0.30–4.93 | 0.785 | 1.00 | 0.72–1.62 | 0.930 | 0.70 | 0.44–1.13 | 0.148 | 0.08 | 1.44–1.67 | < 0.001 |
3–4 | 0.74 | 0.30–1.84 | 0.518 | 0.98 | 0.65–1.47 | 0.924 | 1.09 | 0.86–1.80 | 0.486 | 1.00 | 0.83–1.21 | 0.971 |
5 and above | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Pregnancy ever terminated | ||||||||||||
No | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | ||
Yes | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.79 | 0.57–1.11 | 0.550 |