From: Morphofunctional cardiac changes in singleton and twin pregnancies: a longitudinal cohort study
 | 2nd trimester | 3rd trimester | PP1 | PP2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singleton pregnancies (women tested) | (n = 42) | (n = 42) | (n = 41) | (n = 41) |
Twin pregnancies (women tested) | (n = 18) | (n = 21) | (n = 22) | (n = 22) |
LVDd, mm | SP 46.0 (3.1) | 46.2 (3.3) | 47.0 (3.5) | 45.4 (3.4) |
TP 45.4 (2.5) | 45.6 (4.1) | 47.2 (2.9) | 44.0 (3.1) | |
LV ejection fraction (LVEF), % | SP 64.8 (4.3) | 62.5 (4.1) †| 63.6 (4.4) | 61.8 (4.0) †|
TP 65.7 (4.3) | 63.1 (6.0) | 65.3 (4.3) | 62.6 (5.4) | |
Shortening fraction, % | SP 35.5 (3.2) | 33.6 (3.2) †| 34.6 (3.6) | 33.1 (3.2) †|
TP 36.6 (3.4) | 33.3 (4.6) †| 35.3 (4.7) | 33.4 (3.6) | |
LV mass (LVM), g | SP 102.8 (19.0) | 113.7 (23.6) | 118.2 (26.1) †| 102.7 (23.9) |
TP 96.4 (12.9) | 115.8 (15.6) †| 126.3 (19.4) *†| 94.5 (13.8) | |
LVM/BSA (LVMI), g/m2 | SP 63.6 (10.0) | 68.8 (12.5) | 73.1 (14.1) †| 64.6 (13.0) |
TP 61.8 (7.6) | 71.3 (8.4) †| 80.9 (11.6) *†| 62.6 (7.4) | |
LA diameter PLAX, mm | SP 31.9 (3.6) | 32.3 (3.8) | 33.6 (3.9) †| 30.6 (3.8) |
TP 31.4 (3.4) | 33.7 (3.3) | 34.3 (3.8) †| 29.1 (3.8) †| |
Maximum LA volume, mL | SP 38.6 (9.2) | 40.2 (9.6) | 45.9 (11.1) †| 36.5 (9.8) |
TP 40.3 (9.2) | 45.7 (12.9) | 51.0 (15.4) †| 32.2 (10.8) | |
Maximal LA volume/BSA (LAVI), mL/m2 | SP 23.9 (5.2) | 24.4 (5.7) | 28.4 (6.1) †| 22.9 (5.3) |
TP 25.8 (5.4) | 28.0 (7.2) * | 32.4 (8.9) *†| 21.2 (6.6) | |
Inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter, mm | SP 13.6 (3.5) | 10.9 (3.0) †| 17.0 (4.0) †| 15.3 (3.5) |
TP 11.2 (3.4) * | 9.3 (3.4) | 15.8 (4.9) †| 13.0 (5.1) * | |
Stroke volume, mL | SP 68.2 (8.0) | 65.8 (10.0) | 74.5 (8.6) †| 67.2 (8.5) |
TP 67.0 (9.7) | 75.7 (12.5) | 74.0 (14.0) | 61.5 (8.4) * | |
Cardiac output (CO), L/min | SP 5.5 (0.8) | 5.4 (0.9) | 5.7 (0.9) | 4.6 (0.7) †|
TP 5.2 (0.9) | 5.6 (1.1) | 4.9 (0.9) * | 4.3 (0.9) †| |
CO/BSA (CI), L/min/m2 | SP 3.4 (0.4) | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.4) †|
TP 3.3 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.2 (0.6) * | 2.8 (0.5) †| |
Systemic vascular resistance, dyn∙s/cm5 | SP 1072 (143) | 1157 (234) | 1058 (195) | 1441 (234) †|
TP 1065 (233) | 1066 (268) | 1222 (258) * | 1529 (325) †| |
Mitral inflow parameters | ||||
 E, cm/s | SP 74 (15) | 71 (18) | 87 (16) †| 69 (13) |
TP 84 (18) * | 79 (22) | 92 (16) | 67 (14) †| |
 A, cm/s | SP 53 (11) | 56 (11) | 58 (12) | 52 (12) |
TP 53 (10) | 60 (9) | 54 (14) | 48 (11) | |
 E/A | SP 1.5 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) |
TP 1.6 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.3) †| 1.8 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.3) | |
Pulmonary vein inflow parameters | ||||
 S/D | SP 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) |
TP 1.0 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | |
TDI mitral annulus | ||||
 Average | ||||
 s’ ave., cm/s | SP 11.3 (2.1) | 11.5 (2.5) | 10.6 (1.7) | 10.1 (1.9) †|
TP 10.6 (1.9) | 10.6 (1.6) | 9.4 (1.2) *†| 8.8 (1.0) *†| |
 e’ ave. (e’), cm/s | SP 15.5 (2.2) | 13.8 (2.1) †| 14.5 (2.1) | 13.6 (2.0) †|
TP 14.8 (2.3) | 13.3 (1.7) | 13.7 (2.0) | 14.2 (1.8) | |
 a’ ave., cm/s | SP 9.9 (1.8) | 10.5 (2.0) | 10.8 (2.3) | 9.3 (2.0) |
TP 10.3 (2.6) | 11.0 (1.5) | 9.4 (2.2) * | 8.5 (1.8) †| |
 E/e’ average (E/e’) | SP 4.9 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.6) | 6.1 (1.2) †| 5.1 (1.0) |
TP 5.9 (1.6) * | 6.0 (1.6) | 6.9 (1.5) * | 4.8 (0.9) |