Table 6 Risk factor for PPGP in any trimester/trimester not specified examined in only one study

Low back pain during pregnancy [33]

Woman’s year of birth [33]

Depression while pregnant [34]

Low back pain in the year before pregnancy [35]

Age at last delivery: ≥25 (vs < 25 years) [36]

Pelvic girdle pain in the year before pregnancy [35]

Age at first birth: 21–25, ≥26 (vs ≤20 years) [37]

PPGP in the first pregnancy [37]

Partner’s education level: primary or secondary 9–10 years, secondary 11–12 years (vs university) [38]

PPGP in at least 1 of the 2 first pregnancy [37]

Years of education: 10–12, 13–15,16+ (vs 7–9 years) [37]

PPGP in the first 2 pregnancy [37]

Pakistani (vs Norwegian) [39]

PPGP in the first but not 2nd pregnancy [37]

Being in work [40]

PPGP in the 2nd but not the first pregnancy [37]

Monotonous work [40]

Symptom-giving pelvic girdle relaxation in mother or sister [40]

Working part-time [40]

Exercised at least 2–3 times/week before pregnancy [35]

Shiftwork [40]

Pre-pregnancy physical activity [35]

Fixed salary [40]

Regular exercise (once a week) [40]

Living in a house (yes vs no) [40]

Combined OCP [37]

Having more than 3 rooms at home [40]

Hormonal contraceptive use before first birth [37]

Having a lift at home [40]

Length of hormonal contraceptive use 1–29 months, 30–59 months, 60 or more months (vs none) [37]

Having stairs with more than 10 steps at home [40]

Progestin-only contraceptives [37]

Living with or married to partner [40]

Diseases in the back, bones, or joints [40]

Children at home [40]

Suffering from lower abdominal pain [40]

Doing more than 50% of the housework [40]

Other diseases (other than diseases in the back, bones, or joints) [40]

Influence on breaks at work (yes vs no) [38]

Previous lower abdominal pain (while not pregnant) [40]

Influence on work pace (yes vs no) [38]

Lifting heavy loads at work (10-20 kg) [38]

Level of work pace control: No, low, medium (vs high) [38]

Heavy loads to carry (> 10 kg) [40]

Externally paced work (yes vs no) [38]

Physically heavy work [35]

Manual work (yes vs no) [38, 41]

Strain at work (not clearly defined) [33]

Influence on work content (yes vs no) [38]

Work bending forward [33]

Work with video display terminals (yes vs no) [38]

Twisting and bending [33]

Weekly hours of paid work ≥35 (yes vs no) [38]

Uncomfortable working positions [40]

Weekly hours of paid work > 40 (yes vs no) [38]

Long walking distance at work [40]

Economic dependence [33]

Stairs more than 10 steps at work [40]

Permanently employed [33]

Working in draft and cold [40]

Working with chemicals [40]

Previous caesarean section [42]

Recurrent abortion [42]

Mild pre-eclampsia [42]

Severe pre-eclampsia [42]

Chronic hypertension [42]

Diabetes mellitus [36, 42]

Pregestational diabetes mellitus

Premature rupture of membranes [42]

Time since last delivery: < 5 years (vs 5 or more) [36]

Time since first birth [37]

≥ 4 cups of coffee (per day) [38]

Treatment of low back pain by doctor (vs untreated) [40]

Treatment of low back pain by chiropractor (vs untreated) [40]

Treatment of low back pain by physiotherapist (vs untreated) [40]

Untreated low back pain [40]

Number of pregnancies [34]