Table 5 Risk factor for PPGP in the third trimester examined in only one study

History of postpartum low back pain [4]

Social group 5 (no vocational training or professional education education) [24]

Depression: slightly, moderately, seriously (vs not) [4]

Experiencing low back pain around the time when getting pregnant [4]

Work status: currently working vs not working [4]

Depression (BDI=II score)

Physically demanding work (yes vs no) [25]

Daily stress levels [24]

Exercise frequency: 1–2 times, ≥3 times per week during pregnancy (vs < 1 per week) [26]

Anxiety: Traces of anxiety (vs normal) [4]

Exercise frequency before pregnancy: 1–3 times/month, 1–2 times/week, 3–5 times/week, ≥6 times/week (vs never) [27]

Anxiety: Pathological anxiety (vs normal) [4]

Exercise type: Brisk walking, Non-weight bearing, Low-impact exercises, High-impact exercises, Horseback riding, Mixed exercises (vs never) [27]

State Anxiety (STAI-S) [4]

Hours of exercise per week before pregnancy [4]

Trait Anxiety (STAI-T) [4]

Hours of exercise per week during pregnancy [4]

Anxiety (STAI score) [4]

Physical activity level: minimally, moderately active, very active (vs sedentary) [4]

Emotional distress: yes (≥2) (vs no (< 2)) [25]

Pre-pregnancy physical activity: < 1 per week, 1–2 per week (vs ≥3 per week) [25]

Stage of pregnancy (weeks) [4]

Lifetime duration of oral contraceptive pills: Combined oral contraceptive pills < 1 year, 1–3 years, 4–6 years, 7–9 years, ≥ 10 years (vs never) [28]

Lifetime duration of oral contraceptive pills: progestin-only contraceptive pills < 1 year, 1–3 years, 4–6 years, 7–9 years, ≥ 10 years (vs never) [28]

Combined OCP in last year before pregnancy (vs no hormonal contraception) [28]

Progestin-only contraceptive pills in last year before pregnancy (vs no hormonal contraception) [28]

Progestin injection in last year before pregnancy (vs no hormonal contraception) [28]

Progestin intrauterine devices in last year before pregnancy vs no hormonal contraception [28]

Combined oral contraceptive pill 4 months before pregnancy (vs no hormonal contraception in last year) [28]

Progestin-only contraceptive pill 4 months before pregnancy (vs no hormonal contraception in last year) [28]

Cessation of oral contraceptives 4 months before pregnancy (vs no hormonal contraception in last year) [28]

Combined oral contraceptive pill at the time of being pregnant (vs no hormonal contraception in last year) [28]

Progestin-only contraceptive pill at the time of being pregnant (vs no hormonal contraception in last year) [28]

Cessation of oral contraceptives at the time of being pregnant (vs no hormonal contraception in last year) [28]

Weight increase during pregnancy [24]

Pain location: pubic symphysis vs no pain [29]

Pain location: posterior pain only vs no pain [29]

Pain location: posterior and pubic symphysis pain vs no pain [29]

≥1 previous instrumental birth [4]

≥1 previous caesarean [4]

≥1 previous epidural anaesthesia [4]

Disability rating index in early pregnancy [29]

Trauma to the back [24]

Years since last pregnancy [24]

Salpingitis previous year [24]

Hormone induced pregnancy [24]

Oral Contraceptive Pill [24]

Number of previous pregnancies: 2, 3, 4, 5 (vs 1) [4]

Current weight (3rd trimester of pregnancy) [4]

Age of menarche < 11 years, 11 years, 12 years, 13 years, 14 years (vs ≥14 years) [30]

Nausea (only) in early pregnancy [31]

Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy [31]

Childhood physical abuse [32]