Table 2 Breastfeeding-related variables and psychosocial variables at 1 month postpartum
All participants (n = 104) | Exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum (n = 61) | Non-exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum (n = 43) | P | Primiparas (n = 58) | Multiparas (n = 46) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum (n = 26) | Non-exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum (n = 32) | p | Exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum (n = 35) | Non-exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum (n = 11) | p | |||||
Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | ||||
Exclusive breastfeeding [n (%)] | 52 (50.0) | 47 (77.0) | 5 (11.6) | < 0.001a | 18 (69.2) | 5 (15.6) | < 0.001a | 29 (82.9) | 0.(0.0) | < 0.001b |
Presence of breast complications [n (%)] | 45 (43.3) | 19 (31.1) | 26 (60.5) | 0.003a | 12 (46.2) | 19 (59.4) | 0.315a | 7 (20.0) | 7 (63.6) | 0.010b |
Breastfeeding self-efficacy scalec [score] | 45.8 ± 13.0 | 51.2 ± 11.6 | 38.1 ± 10.8 | < 0.001 | 49.2 ± 11.0 | 39.1 ± 11.0 | 0.001 | 52.6 ± 11.5 | 35.3 ± 10.2 | < 0.001 |
Perceived Stress Scaled [score] | 17.5 ± 6.5 | 16.6 ± 6.9 | 18.7 ± 5.8 | 0.173 | 16.4 ± 7.4 | 19.0 ± 5.5 | 0.129 | 16.7 ± 6.7 | 17.8 ± 6.6 | 0.626 |
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scalee [score] | 4.0 ± 3.7 | 3.4 ± 3.6 | 4.9 ± 3.6 | 0.006 | 4.2 ± 4.8 | 4.9 ± 3.6 | 0.516 | 2.8 ± 2.3 | 5.1 ± 3.9 | 0.019 |
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale > 8 scores [n (%)] | 11 (10.6) | 6 (9.8) | 5 (11.6) | 0.759b | 5 (19.2) | 4 (12.5) | 0.717b | 1 (2.9) | 1 (9.1) | 0.425b |
Postpartum Bonding Questionnairef [score] | 9.4 ± 6.4 | 8.5 ± 6.9 | 10.6 ± 5.4 | 0.014 | 9.1 ± 8.3 | 9.9 ± 4.5 | 0.641 | 8.1 ± 5.8 | 12.7 ± 7.4 | 0.036 |
Support from husbands [n (%)] | 63 (61.8) | 38 (64.4) | 25 (58.1) | 0.520a | 11 (44.0) | 18 (56.3) | 0.359a | 27 (79.4) | 7 (63.6) | 0.421b |
Support from parents [n (%)] | 87 (83.7) | 52 (88.1) | 35 (81.4) | 0.343a | 21 (84.0) | 29 (90.6) | 0.687b | 31 (91.2) | 6 (54.5) | 0.014b |
Salivary cortisol levels before breastfeeding [μg/dL] | 0.15 ± 0.09 | 0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.18 ± 0.10 | < 0.001 | 0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.18 ± 0.12 | 0.037 | 0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.18 ± 0.06 | 0.045 |
Salivary cortisol levels after breastfeeding [μg/dL] | 0.14 ± 0.08 | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 0.013 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 0.098 | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.09 | 0.062 |
Change in salivary cortisol levels between before and after breastfeeding [μg/dL] | −0.01 ± 0.07 | −0.01 ± 0.04 | −0.02 ± 0.09 | 0.126 | −0.01 ± 0.05 | −0.03 ± 0.10 | 0.376 | 0.00 ± 0.03 | −0.01 ± 0.07 | 0.843 |
Percent change in salivary cortisol levels between before and after breastfeeding [%] | −0.03 ± 0.37 | −0.001 ± 0.34 | −0.01 ± 0.41 | 0.167 | −0.040 ± 0.37 | −0.07 ± 0.42 | 0.849 | 0.03 ± 0.32 | −0.05 ± 0.36 | 0.468 |