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Table 2 Clinical data of the cohort, overall and by presence of symptoms

From: Psychosocial factors associated with postpartum psychological distress during the Covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

 

Overall

IES-R < 24

IES-R ≥ 24

p-value

EPDS < 11

EPDS ≥ 11

p-value

N = 163

n = 93

n = 70

 

n = 91

n = 72

 

First pregnancy (%)

74 (45.4)

37 (39.8)

37 (52.9)

0.134

36 (39.6)

38 (52.8)

0.127

Type of birth (%)

   

0.577

  

0.353

 Vaginal

78 (47.9)

45 (48.4)

33 (47.1)

 

43 (47.3)

35 (48.6)

 

 Planned caesarean section

43 (26.4)

27 (29.0)

16 (22.9)

 

26 (28.6)

17 (23.6)

 

 Urgent caesarean section

32 (19.6)

17 (18.3)

15 (21.4)

 

19 (20.9)

13 (18.1)

 

 Forceps/vacuum

10 (6.1)

4 (4.3)

6 (8.6)

 

3 (3.3)

7 (9.7)

 

Perceived support by healthcare staff during childbirth (median [IQR])

9 [7, 10]

10 [8, 10]

8 [6, 10]

0.002

10 [8, 10]

8 [6, 10]

0.002

Pain level during childbirth (median [IQR])

8 [2, 9]

7 [1, 9]

8 [5, 10]

0.156

7 [0.5, 9]

8 [5, 10]

0.036

Breastfeeding (%)

144 (88.3)

82 (88.2)

62 (88.6)

1.000

81 (89.0)

63 (87.5)

0.958

Confirmed diagnosis of Covid-19 (%)

5 (3.1)

3 (3.2)

2 (2.9)

1.000

1 (1.1)

4 (5.6)

0.237

Contact with Covid positive people (%)

8 (4.9)

7 (7.5)

1 (1.4)

0.156

5 (5.5)

3 (4.2)

0.980

Relatives/loved ones with a confirmed Covid-19 diagnosis (%)

21 (12.9)

13 (14.0)

8 (11.4)

0.807

11 (12.1)

10 (13.9)

0.916

Perceived safety during hospitalization (median [IQR])

8 [6;9]

8 [7, 9]

7.5 [6, 9]

0.385

8 [7, 9]

8 [6, 9]

0.340

Discomfort due to absence of partner

10 [8, 10]

10 [8, 10]

10 [9, 10]

0.009

10 [8, 10]

10 [8,75, 10]

0.315

Quiet on the ward related to the absence of visitors

7 [5, 8.5]

7 [6, 9]

6 [4, 8]

0.005

7 [5,9]

7 [5,8]

0.42

Time between childbirth and questionnaire completion ≤15 days (%)

25 (15.3)

15 (16.1)

10 (14.3)

0.917

15 (16.5)

10 (13.9)

0.812

Attachment style (%)

   

0.083

  

0.044

 RQ1

65 (41.1)

42 (45.7)

23 (34.8)

 

44 (50.6)

21 (29.6)

 

 RQ2

60 (38.0)

37 (40.2)

23 (34.8)

 

30 (34.5)

30 (42.3)

 

 RQ3

8 (5.1)

4 (4.3)

4 (6.1)

 

3 (3.4)

5 (7.0)

 

 RQ4

25 (15.8)

9 (9.8)

16 (24.2)

 

10 (11.5)

15 (21.1)

 
  1. IES-R denotes Impact of Event Scale-Revised, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, RQ Relationship Questionnaire, IQR Interquartile range