Table 1 Characteristics of study participants
Characteristics | N = 217 |
|---|---|
Ethnicity, n (%) | |
 Malay | 187 (86.2) |
 Chinese | 20 (9.2) |
 Indians and othersc | 10 (4.6) |
Parity, n (%) | |
 Nulliparous | 58 (26.7) |
 Multiparous | 159 (73.3) |
Maternal highest education level, n (%) | |
 Secondary and lower | 94 (43.3) |
 Tertiary and higher | 123 (56.7) |
Household Income (per month), n (%) | |
 ≤ RM3000 | 64 (30.0) |
 RM3001-RM5000 | 94 (44.1) |
 ≥ RM5001 | 55 (25.9) |
Month of sampling, n (%) | |
 December–March | 76 (35.0) |
 April–November | 141 (65.0) |
Fitzpatrick skin type, n (%) | |
 Light (Type I, II, III) | 97 (44.7) |
 Dark (Type IV, V &VI) | 120 (55.3) |
Veiled, n (%) | |
 Yes | 179 (82.5) |
 No | 38 (17.5) |
Use of supplement containing vitamin D, n (%) | |
 Yes | 87 (40.1) |
 No | 130 (59.9) |
Maternal age (in years) a | 29 ± 4 |
Week of pregnancya | 39.1 ± 1.1 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) a | 23.7 ± 5.1 |
Time spent outdoors per week (hours)b | 1.9 (0.7–4.1) |
% BSA exposed to sunlightb | 6.5 (6.5–6.5) |
VD intake from food (μg/day) a | 8.3 ± 5.0 |
VD intake from supplement (μg/day) a | 3.8 ± 5.6 |
Plasma Total 25OHD (nmol/L) b | 29.8 (18.8–43.5) |