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Table 2 Crude associations between socioeconomic, household, and maternal characteristics (Hierarchical Level 1) andLBW, prematurity, andIUGR. Baseline of Guarani Birth Cohort, South and Southeast Brazil, 2014–2016

From: Low birthweight, prematurity, and intrauterine growth restriction: results from the baseline data of the first indigenous birth cohort in Brazil (Guarani Birth Cohort)

Hierarchical level, dimension, and variable

LBW

Prematurity

IUGR

OR (95%CI)

p-value

OR (95%CI)

p-value

OR (95%CI)

p-value

Level 1

Socioeconomic characteristics

  Regular per capita income (U$)

   Extreme Poverty

1.21 (0.64–2.27)

0.552

1.22 (0.66–2.27)

0.519

1.55 (0.49–4.93)

0.454

   Poverty

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Household characteristics

  Principal energy source for cooking

   Gas stove

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Wood burning stove

2.08 (0.87–4.96)

0.099*

3.87 (1.71–8.78)

0.001*

0.93 (0.19–4.5)

0.933

   Bonfire

1.64 (0.84–3.20)

0.150*

2.57 (1.31–5.01)

0.006*

0.83 (0.27–2.54)

0.742

  Brick and mortar housing

   No

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Yes

0.27 (0.08–0.89)

0.031*

1.14 (0.54–2.41)

0.739

 

  Additional covering on walls or ceiling

   No

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Yes

1.64 (0.88–3.04)

0.117*

0.62 (0.35–1.1)

0.104*

1.13 (0.4–3.18)

0.816

Maternal characteristics

  Maternal age (years)

   < 20

2.3 (1.25–4.24)

0.008*

1.58 (0.86–2.89)

0.141*

2.26 (0.78–6.5)

0.132*

   20–34

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   ≥ 35

1.18 (0.38–3.68)

0.780

1.87 (0.73–4.78)

0.191*

0.98 (0.11–8.41)

0.984

  Maternal height (cm)

   > 150

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   ≤ 150

1.6 (0.82–3.13)

0.170*

1.24 (0.66–2.33)

0.507

1.01 (0.34–3.03)

0.987

  Maternal schooling

   Secondary or university

1.16 (0.41–3.26)

0.779

0.41 (0.13–1.26)

0.118*

2.66 (0.36–19.54)

0.337

   Primary

1.16 (0.58–2.31)

0.679

0.57 (0.31–1.07)

0.082*

3.27 (0.71–15.04)

0.128*

   No formal schooling

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Marital status

   With husband/partner

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Without husband/partner

1.24 (0.64–2.42)

0.522

1.17 (0.6–2.26)

0.648

2.18 (0.77–6.21)

0.143*

  1. LBW Low birthweight, IUGR Intrauterine growth restriction
  2. *Categories of independent variables associated with the outcome, with levelof significance p < 0.20, indicating that the variable was included in the multivariate analysis at its hierarchical level