Univariate Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P-value | AOR | 95% CI | P-value | |
Woman-Level Factors | ||||||
Human Development Index 2008 (ref: Lowa) | 0.003 | 0.03 | ||||
Mediumb | 0.05 | (0.01, 0.46) | 0.07 | (0.01, 0.85) | ||
Highc | 0.01 | (< 0.001, 0.16) | 0.02 | (0.001, 0.39) | ||
Antenatal Visits (ref: < 4) | <.0001 | 0.003 | ||||
4+ | 0.46 | (0.35, 0.59) | 0.60 | (0.43, 0.84) | ||
Medically high riskd (ref: No) | <.0001 | 0.0004 | ||||
Yes | 2.17 | (1.70, 2.77) | 1.81 | (1.30, 2.51) | ||
Age groups (ref: 19–34) | 0.07 | 0.30 | ||||
0–18 | 1.00 | (0.68, 1.46) | 0.63 | (0.35, 1.14) | ||
35+ | 1.39 | (1.05, 1.84) | 0.93 | (0.65, 1.35) | ||
Education groups (ref: 13+) | <.0001 | 0.01 | ||||
0–6 | 1.82 | (1.26, 2.63) | 1.64 | (1.03, 2.63) | ||
7–12 | 0.97 | (0.70, 1.34) | 0.98 | (0.66, 1.44) | ||
Marital status (ref: Single/Separated/Divorced/Widowed/Other) | 0.79 | 0.61 | ||||
Married/Cohabitating | 1.05 | (0.75, 1.46) | 0.88 | (0.54, 1.44) | ||
BMI groups (ref: [18.5,25)) | 0.16 | 0.10 | ||||
[0,18.5) | 2.47 | (0.66, 9.18) | 4.66 | (1.12, 19.4) | ||
[25,30) | 1.17 | (0.87, 1.56) | 1.33 | (0.95, 1.86) | ||
30+ | 1.42 | (0.99, 2.04) | 1.29 | (0.84, 1.96) | ||
Obstetric & Labour-Level Factors | ||||||
Obstetrically High Riske (ref: No) | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
Yes | 4.48 | (3.50, 5.74) | 3.67 | (2.58, 5.23) | ||
Referred during labor (ref: No) | <.0001 | 0.08 | ||||
Yes | 1.92 | (1.47, 2.50) | 1.37 | (0.96, 1.96) | ||
Gestational Age at Birth (ref: 37–42) | <.0001 | 0.13 | ||||
24–33 | 5.16 | (3.33, 8.00) | 2.24 | (0.96, 5.25) | ||
34–36 | 2.82 | (2.06, 3.87) | 1.36 | (0.82, 2.28) | ||
Birthweight (grams) (ref: [2500,3500)) | <.0001 | 0.14 | ||||
< 1500 | 7.37 | (4.33, 12.6) | 1.64 | (0.54, 4.97) | ||
[1500,2500) | 2.06 | (1.52, 2.78) | 0.97 | (0.61, 1.54) | ||
[3500–4500) | 0.75 | (0.59, 0.97) | 0.72 | (0.51, 1.00) | ||
4500+ | 1.70 | (0.83, 3.47) | 1.68 | (0.68, 4.12) | ||
Onset of Labor (ref: Spontaneous) | 0.71 | 0.68 | ||||
Induced | 1.07 | (0.75, 1.53) | 0.91 | (0.59, 1.42) | ||
Parity (ref: 0) | 0.92 | 0.25 | ||||
1+ | 1.01 | (0.83, 1.24) | 1.21 | (0.88, 1.68) | ||
Fetal Presentation (ref: Cephalic) | 0.15 | 0.04 | ||||
Breech | 0.72 | (0.52, 1.01) | 0.52 | (0.31, 0.87) | ||
Other | 0.89 | (0.53, 1.50) | 0.66 | (0.31, 1.39) | ||
Number of neonates (ref: 1) | 0.0002 | 0.24 | ||||
2+ | 2.17 | (1.44, 3.28) | 1.46 | (0.78, 2.76) | ||
Previous Cesarean (ref: No) | 0.002 | 0.39 | ||||
Yes | 0.66 | (0.51, 0.86) | 0.82 | (0.53, 1.28) | ||
Available facility-Level Factors | ||||||
Obstetrician Performed surgery (ref: No) | 0.28 | 0.57 | ||||
Yes | 0.84 | (0.61, 1.15) | 0.89 | (0.59, 1.34) | ||
Teaching Facility (ref: No) | 0.08 | 0.16 | ||||
Yes | 0.37 | (0.12, 1.14) | 0.33 | (0.07, 1.57) | ||
Total Deliveries at Facility (ref: < 3500) | 0.27 | 0.26 | ||||
[3500,10,000) | 2.21 | (0.70, 7.01) | 2.84 | (0.64, 12.6) | ||
10,000+ | 3.65 | (0.54, 24.8) | 5.39 | (0.43, 67.0) | ||
Urban Facility (ref: No) | 0.16 | 0.26 | ||||
Yes | 2.49 | (0.70, 8.89) | 2.89 | (0.46, 18.3) | ||
Indication CS (ref: Elective) | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
Fetal Indication | 1.36 | (0.84, 2.20) | 1.31 | (0.65, 2.64) | ||
Failure to Progress/Dystocia | 1.11 | (0.69, 1.79) | 1.39 | (0.70, 2.76) | ||
Maternal or Obstetric Indication | 6.81 | (4.25, 10.9) | 4.74 | (2.36, 9.50) | ||
Multiples/Malpresentation | 1.50 | (0.88, 2.54) | 1.65 | (0.73, 3.73) | ||
No Other Indication | 2.41 | (1.56, 3.73) | 1.77 | (0.94, 3.33) |