|
Characteristics
|
Male Hypospadias (n = 21,447, cases = 43)
|
|---|
|
Total no. of infants
|
No. of cases
|
Prevalence per 1000 infants (95% CI)
|
P value
|
|---|
|
Placental perfusiona
| | | |
.03
|
|
Normal
|
14,186
|
24
|
1.7 (1.0–2.4)
| |
|
Abnormal
|
1861
|
9
|
4.8 (1.7–8.0)
|
.01b
|
|
NA
|
5400
|
10
|
1.9 (0.7–3.0)
|
.81
|
|
Preeclampsia
| | | |
.001
|
|
No
|
20,275
|
36
|
1.8 (1.2–2.4)
| |
|
Yes
|
Mild
|
960
|
3
|
3.1 (0.0–6.7)
|
.26b
|
|
Severe
|
212
|
4
|
18.9 (0.4–37.3)
|
.001b
|
|
Any
|
1172
|
7
|
6.0 (1.6–10.4)
|
.008b
|
|
Maternal age at delivery (year)
| | | |
.34b
|
|
≥ 35
|
2145
|
5
|
2.3 (0.3–4.4)
| |
|
25–34
|
18,224
|
38
|
2.1 (1.4–2.7)
| |
|
< 25
|
1078
|
0
|
0
| |
|
Residence
| | | |
.59
|
|
Shanghai
|
16,536
|
35
|
2.1 (1.4–2.8)
| |
|
Other provinces
|
4884
|
8
|
1.6 (0.5–2.8)
| |
|
Parity
| | | |
.14
|
|
Nulliparous
|
18,099
|
40
|
2.2 (1.5–2.9)
| |
|
Multiparous
|
3348
|
3
|
0.9 (0.0–1.9)
| |
|
Gestational diabetes mellitus
| | | |
>.99b
|
|
No
|
19,616
|
40
|
2.0 (1.4–2.7)
| |
|
Yes
|
1831
|
3
|
1.6 (0.0–3.5)
| |
|
Assisted conception
| | | |
.18b
|
|
No
|
21,061
|
41
|
1.9 (1.4–2.5)
| |
|
Yes
|
386
|
2
|
5.2 (0.0–12.3)
| |
- NA APP data not available
- a Abnormal perfusion insufficiency was defined as any one abnormality of the six markers, which otherwise were normal; b P values for Fisher’s exact tests
