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Table 5 Crude and adjusted Odds Ratios of skilled birth attendance in urban and rural areas and women’s empowerment using logistic regression with complex sampling analysis (n = 4400)

From: Dimensions of women’s empowerment on access to skilled delivery services in Nepal

Urban (n = 2456)

Rural (n = 1944)

Variables

Crude OR (95%CI)

Adjusted OR (95%CI)

P value

Crude OR (95%CI)

Adjusted OR (95%CI)

P value

Women’s empowerment

Socio-cultural empowerment

Highest educational level

 

0.000

  

0.000

No education

1

1

 

1

1

 

 Primary

1.34 (0.87 to 2.05)

1.24 (0.83 to 1.87)

 

1.70 (1.19 to 2.43)

1.61 (1.11 to 2.31)

 

 Secondary

2.24 (1.59 to 3.16)

1.70 (1.23 to 2.36)

 

3.27 (2.35 to 4.55)

2.51 (1.79 to 3.53)

 

 Higher

4.89 (3.26 to 7.32)

2.42 (1.59 to 3.67)

 

4.65 (2.92 to 7.40)

2.47 (1.49 to 4.04)

 

Attitude towards wife beating

 

0.728

  

0.048

 Negative attitude

1

1

 

1

1

 

 Positive attitude

0.95 (0.76 to 1.20)

1.04 (0.82 to 1.33)

 

0.66 (0.50 to 0.89)

0.74 (0.54 to 1.00)

 

Knowledge of property

 

0.929

  

0.713

Unknown

1

1

 

1

1

 

Known

0.99 (0.63 to 1.55)

0.98 (0.59 to 1.61)

 

0.84 (0.55 to 1.29)

0.92 (0.57 to 1.47)

 

Economic Empowerment

Occupation of Women

  

0.000

  

0.142

Not working

1

1

 

1

1

 

Agriculture

0.50 (0.37 to 0.68)

0.60 (0.46 to 0.79)

 

0.86 (0.63 to 1.16)

0.73 (0.53 to 1.00)

 

Other occupations

1.41 (0.99 to 2.01)

1.12 (0.78 to 1.60)

 

1.44 (0.93 to 2.25)

0.92 (0.62 to 1.39)

 

Property possession

  

0.281

  

0.097

Not owned

1

1

 

1

1

 

Owned

1.75 (1.23 to 2.50)

1.27 (0.82 to 1.95)

 

1.58 (1.07 to 2.36)

1.43 (0.94 to 2.19)

 

Owns bank account

  

0.764

  

0.004

No

1

1

 

1

1

 

Yes

1.50 (1.17 to 1.92)

1.04 (0.81 to 1.33)

 

2.05 (1.53 to 2.77)

1.59 (1.17 to 2.16)

 

Empowerment on media/information technology

Media exposure

  

0.156

  

0.013

 No access

1

1

 

1

1

 

 Medium access

1.93 (1.43 to 2.60)

1.32 (0.96 to 1.82)

 

1.94 (1.51 to 2.51)

1.33 (1.04 to 1.71)

 

 High access

3.10 (2.15 to 4.45

1.39 (0.94 to 2.03)

 

3.86 (2.47 to 6.02)

1.92 (1.18 to 3.11)

 

Internet use

  

0.000

  

0.001

 Never

1

1

 

1

1

 

 Sometimes

3.35 (2.62 to 4.29)

2.02 (1.53 to 2.68)

 

3.44 (2.43 to 4.88)

1.88 (1.30 to 2.72)

 

Familial/interpersonal Empowerment

Decision making power

  

0.371

  

0.655

 Low

1

1

 

1

1

 

 High

1.16 (0.95 to 1.41)

0.91 (0.74 to 1.12)

 

1.09 (0.87 to 1.37)

0.95 (0.75 to 1.20)