Table 2 Unadjusted Odds Ratio for early initiation of breastfeeding in Ghana (n = 4219)
Variables | Model I UOR (95%CI) | Model II UOR (95%CI) | Model III UOR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
Child factors | |||
Sex of child | |||
Male | Ref | ||
Female | 1.07 [0.94–1.21] | ||
Size at birth | |||
Larger than Average | Ref | ||
Average | 0.98 [0.85–1.12] | ||
Smaller than average | 0.89 [0.75–1.05] | ||
Birth order | |||
1 | 0.74*** [0.63–0.86] | ||
2–4 | Ref | ||
5+ | 0.89 [0.77–1.51] | ||
Twin status | |||
Single birth | Ref | ||
Twin | 1.03 [0.69–1.52] | ||
Type of assistance during delivery | |||
Non-health professional | 0.79*** [0.69–0.91] | ||
Health professional | Ref | ||
Place child was delivered | |||
Home | 0.82** [0.72–0.94] | ||
Health facility | Ref | ||
Maternal factors | |||
Age | |||
15–24 | 0.97 [0.83–1.14] | ||
25–34 | 0.91 [0.79–1.05] | ||
35–49 | Ref | ||
Marital status | |||
Not Married | 0.98 [0.86–1.11] | ||
Married | Ref | ||
Religion | |||
Christianity | Ref | ||
Islam | 1.11 [0.95–1.29] | ||
Traditionalist | 0.66* [0.48–0.91] | ||
No region | 1.11 [0.81–1.52] | ||
Ethnicity | |||
Akan | Ref | ||
Ga-Dangbme | 0.69* [0.51–0.93] | ||
Ewe | 0.73**[0.59–0.90] | ||
Mole-Dagbani | 0.91 [0.78–1.06] | ||
Others | 0.88 [0.75–1.05] | ||
Education | |||
No education | 1.01 [0.88–1.16] | ||
Primary | 0.91 [0.78–1.07] | ||
Secondary | Ref | ||
Higher | 1.02 [0.74–1.41] | ||
Working status | |||
Not working | 1.04 [0.89–1.22] | ||
Working | Ref | ||
Media exposure | |||
Frequency of reading newspaper/magazine | |||
Not at all | Ref | ||
Less than once a week | 0.78 [0.61–1.01] | ||
At least once a week | 1.39* [1.02–1.90] | ||
Frequency of listening to radio | |||
Not at all | 0.93 [0.79–1.10] | ||
Less than once a week | 1.09 [0.95–1.25] | ||
At least once a week | Ref | ||
Frequency of watching TV | |||
Not at all | 1.08 [0.94–1.24] | ||
Less than once a week | 1.26** [1.08–1.49] | ||
At least once a week | Ref | ||
Number of ANC visits | |||
0 | 0.74 [0.52–1.05] | ||
1–3 | 0.82 [0.67–1.00] | ||
4+ | Ref | ||
Community/household factors | |||
Region | |||
Western | 1.38* [1.05–1.81] | ||
Central | 1.58** [1.20–2.07] | ||
Greater Accra | 1.06 [0.80–1.42] | ||
Volta | 0.82 [0.61–1.09] | ||
Eastern | 1.05 [0.80–1.39] | ||
Ashanti | Ref | ||
Brong-Ahafo | 1.74*** [1.33–2.28] | ||
Northern | 1.58*** [1.23–2.04] | ||
Upper east | 1.95*** [1.48–2.58] | ||
Upper west | 0.78 [0.59–1.04] | ||
Place of residence | |||
Rural | Ref | ||
Urban | 0.97 [0.86–1.10] | ||
Wealth index | |||
Poor | Ref | ||
Middle | 0.90 [0.77–1.06] | ||
Rich | 1.00 [0.87–1.15] | ||