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Table 1 Characteristics of the women in the development and validation cohorts

From: Risk score for predicting primary cesarean delivery in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Characteristic

Development cohort (n = 385)

P

Validation cohort (n = 448)

P

Primary CD (Yes)

Primary CD (No)

Primary CD (Yes)

Primary CD (No)

Number of women

130

255

 

178

270

 

Age (years), median (IQR)

31.5 (27.0–35.0)

31.0 (27.0–36.0)

0.766

33.0 (28.0–36.0)

31.0 (27.0–35.0)

0.093

Age (years), n (%)

  

0.372

  

0.054

 < 35

92 (70.8)

169 (66.3)

 

109 (61.2)

189 (70.0)

 

 ≥ 35

38 (29.2)

86 (33.7)

 

69 (38.8)

81 (30.0)

 

Parity, n (%)

  

< 0.001

  

<  0.001

 Multiparity

45 (34.6)

180 (70.6)

 

57 (32.0)

179 (66.3)

 

 Nulliparity

85 (65.4)

75 (29.4)

 

121 (68.0)

91 (33.7)

 

Prepregnancy BMI category (kg/m2), n (%)

  

0.301

  

0.478

 Normal

74 (56.9)

150 (58.8)

 

83 (46.6)

139 (51.5)

 

 Underweight

7 (5.4)

26 (10.2)

 

18 (10.1)

31 (11.5)

 

 Overweight

33 (25.4)

51 (20.0)

 

51 (28.7)

60 (22.2)

 

 Obese

16 (12.3)

28 (11.0)

 

26 (14.6)

40 (14.8)

 

Gestational weight gain, n (%)

  

0.003

  

<  0.001

 Within/below IOM recommendations

78 (60.0)

190 (74.5)

 

105 (59.0)

214 (79.3)

 

 Above IOM recommendations

52 (40.0)

65 (25.5)

 

73 (41.0)

56 (20.7)

 

History of diabetes in a first-degree relative, n (%)

  

0.271

  

0.992

 No

90 (69.2)

190 (74.5)

 

126 (70.8)

191 (71.7)

 

 Yes

40 (30.8)

65 (25.5)

 

52 (29.2)

79 (29.3)

 

Insulin use, n (%)

  

0.044

  

0.045

 No

108 (83.1)

230 (90.2)

 

148 (83.1)

242 (89.6)

 

 Yes

22 (16.9)

25 (9.8)

 

30 (16.9)

28 (10.4)

 

Type of insulin, n (%)

 Rapid-acting insulin

3 (2.3)

3 (1.2)

0.397

5 (2.8)

2 (0.7)

0.084

 Short-acting insulin

8 (6.2)

7 (2.7)

0.102

6 (3.4)

3 (1.1)

0.095

 Intermediate-acting insulin

8 (6.2)

2 (0.8)

0.002

6 (3.4)

10 (3.7)

0.853

 Premixed insulin

11 (8.5)

19 (7.5)

0.726

17 (9.6)

20 (7.4)

0.420

Units of insulin used in pregnancy, median (IQR)

545 (256–1641)

456 (271–1622)

1.000

1029 (287–1747)

984 (387–2221)

0.785

Indication for primary CD, n (%)

      

 Elective CD due to an estimated large fetus

31 (23.8)

57 (32.0)

 Emergency CD due to labor dystocia

91 (70.0)

112 (62.9)

 Emergency CD due to abnormal FHR tracing

8 (6.2)

9 (5.1)

Neonatal birth weight (g), median (IQR)

3582 (3356–3882)

3108 (2845–3374)

< 0.001

3647 (3449–3880)

3062 (2821–3346)

< 0.001

  1. BMI Body mass index, CD Cesarean delivery, FHR Fetal heart rate, IOM Institute of Medicine, IQR Interquartile range