Table 2 Bivariate associations between child and household factors and maternal mental health status
Variable | Normal Mental Health | Poor Mental Health | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Child’s Sex | |||||
Male | 65 | 46.8% | 81 | 54.7% | 0.195 |
Female | 74 | 53.2% | 67 | 45.3% | |
Child Age | |||||
24–35 Months | 96 | 69.1% | 85 | 57.4% | 0.050 |
36–47 Months | 43 | 30.9% | 63 | 42.6% | |
Child’s Condition | |||||
Preterm/LBW | 92 | 66.2% | 97 | 65.5% | > 0.999 |
HIE | 47 | 33.8% | 51 | 34.5% | |
Number of People Living in the Household | |||||
2–3 People | 36 | 25.9% | 29 | 19.6% | 0.077 |
4–5 People | 58 | 41.7% | 52 | 35.1% | |
6 or More | 45 | 32.4% | 67 | 45.3% | |
Eligible for Government Social Services (n = 280) | |||||
Yes (Ubudehe 1) | 10 | 7.3% | 21 | 14.7% | 0.057 |
No | 127 | 92.7% | 122 | 85.3% | |
Socioeconomic Status | |||||
Poorest Tertile | 47 | 33.8% | 57 | 38.5% | 0.168 |
Middle Tertile | 39 | 28.1% | 50 | 33.8% | |
Wealthiest Tertile | 53 | 38.1% | 41 | 27.7% | |
Single or Multiple Birth | |||||
Single | 112 | 80.6% | 118 | 79.7% | 0.883 |
Twins or Triplets | 27 | 19.4% | 30 | 20.3% | |
Birthweight in Grams, mean (SD) | 2080.8 | 721.8 | 2181.5 | 762.1 | 0.261 |
Mother’s Age at Interview, mean (SD) | 30.2 | 6.5 | 31.9 | 6.7 | 0.030 |
Marital Status | |||||
Single | 11 | 7.9% | 33 | 22.3% | 0.003 |
Married | 74 | 53.2% | 68 | 46.0% | |
Living with Partner (not legally married) | 54 | 38.9% | 47 | 31.8% | |
Mother is Literate | |||||
No | 25 | 18.7% | 52 | 35.1% | 0.002 |
Yes | 113 | 81.3% | 96 | 64.9% | |
Mother’s Highest Level of Education Completed | |||||
None | 75 | 54.0% | 98 | 66.2% | 0.040 |
Primary school or Higher Completed | 64 | 46.0% | 50 | 33.8% | |
Child Having any Picture/Children’s Books | |||||
No | 120 | 87.6% | 139 | 93.9% | 0.098 |
Yes | 17 | 12.4% | 9 | 6.1% | |
Child Plays with Homemade Toys (such as dolls, cars, or other toys) | |||||
No | 47 | 33.8% | 55 | 37.2% | 0.622 |
Yes | 92 | 66.2% | 93 | 62.8% | |
Child Plays with Toys from a Shop or Manufactured Toys | |||||
No | 112 | 80.6% | 127 | 85.8% | 0.269 |
Yes | 27 | 19.4% | 21 | 14.2% | |
Child Plays with Household Objects (such as bowls or pots) or Objects | |||||
No | 38 | 27.3% | 51 | 34.5% | 0.204 |
Yes | 101 | 72.7% | 97 | 65.5% | |
Child Discipline | |||||
No Violent Discipline | 46 | 33.1% | 29 | 19.6% | 0.011 |
Any Violent Discipline | 93 | 66.9% | 119 | 80.4% | |
Child Experienced Any Inadequate Care | |||||
No | 93 | 66.9% | 70 | 47.3% | 0.001 |
Yes, left alone or with a child under 10 for 1h hours | 46 | 33.1% | 78 | 52.7% | |
Mother Engaged in 4+ Activities to Support Learning | |||||
No | 69 | 49.6% | 77 | 52.0% | 0.724 |
Yes | 70 | 50.4% | 71 | 48.0% | |
Mother-Reported Social Support, median (IQR) | 2.6 | 2.16, 2.97 | 2.2 | 1.84, 2.65 | < 0.001 |
Months of Adequate Household Food Provision in Last Year, median (IQR) | 9.0 | 8, 10 | 8.0 | 6,10 | < 0.001 |
Minimum Dietary Diversity: Child Ate from 4+ IYCF Food Groups | |||||
No | 45 | 32.4% | 65 | 43.9% | 0.052 |
Yes | 94 | 67.6% | 83 | 56.1% | |
Height-for-Age (Stunting), n = 252 | |||||
Normal | 53 | 42.1% | 53 | 42.1% | > 0.999 |
Stunted | 73 | 57.9% | 73 | 57.9% | |
Weight-for-Age (Underweight), n = 284 | |||||
Normal | 100 | 73.0% | 87 | 59.2% | 0.017 |
Underweight | 37 | 27.0% | 60 | 40.8% | |
Weight-for-Height (Wasting), n = 254 | |||||
Normal | 124 | 96.9% | 115 | 91.3% | 0.067 |
Wasted | 4 | 3.1% | 11 | 8.7% | |
Child Development on ASQ-3 | |||||
On-Track | 32 | 23.2% | 30 | 20.6% | 0.668 |
At Risk for Developmental Delay | 106 | 76.8% | 116 | 79.5% | |
Caregiver-reported Child Disability | |||||
No | 47 | 33.8% | 27 | 18.2% | 0.003 |
Potential Disability | 92 | 66.2% | 121 | 81.8% | |