Table 1 Clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of children, mothers, and the home environment
Total (N = 287) | Preterm/LBW (N = 189) | HIE (N = 98) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | n | % | n | % | |
Child’s Sex | ||||||
Male | 146 | 50.9% | 91 | 48.2% | 55 | 56.1% |
Female | 141 | 49.1% | 98 | 51.9% | 43 | 43.9% |
Child Age | ||||||
24–35 Months | 181 | 63.1% | 137 | 72.5% | 44 | 44.9% |
36–47 Months | 106 | 36.9% | 52 | 27.5% | 54 | 55.1% |
Number of People Living in the Household | ||||||
2–3 People | 65 | 22.7% | 37 | 19.6% | 28 | 28.6% |
4–5 People | 110 | 38.3% | 68 | 36.0% | 42 | 42.9% |
6 or More | 112 | 39.0% | 84 | 44.4% | 28 | 28.6% |
Eligible for Government Social Services (n = 280) | ||||||
Yes (Ubudehe 1) | 31 | 11.1% | 18 | 9.8% | 13 | 13.4% |
No | 249 | 88.9% | 165 | 90.2% | 84 | 86.6% |
Socioeconomic Status | ||||||
Poorest Tertile | 104 | 36.2% | 71 | 37.6% | 33 | 33.7% |
Middle Tertile | 89 | 31.0% | 56 | 29.6% | 33 | 33.7% |
Wealthiest Tertile | 94 | 32.8% | 62 | 32.8% | 32 | 32.7% |
Single or Multiple Birth | ||||||
Single | 230 | 80.1% | 135 | 71.4% | 95 | 96.9% |
Twins or Triplets | 57 | 19.9% | 54 | 28.6% | 3 | 3.1% |
Birthweight in Grams, mean (SD) | 2133.8 | 743.7 | 1718.1 | 380.6 | 2943.2 | 596.3 |
Mother’s Age at Interview, mean (SD) | 31.1 | 6.7 | 31.7 | 6.8 | 29.8 | 6.3 |
Marital Status | ||||||
Single | 44 | 15.3% | 29 | 15.3% | 15 | 15.3% |
Married | 142 | 50.0% | 95 | 50.3% | 47 | 48.0% |
Living with Partner (not legally married) | 101 | 35.2% | 65 | 34.4% | 36 | 36.7% |
Mother is Literate | ||||||
No | 78 | 27.2% | 53 | 28.0% | 25 | 25.5% |
Yes | 209 | 72.8% | 136 | 72.0% | 73 | 74.5% |
Mother’s Highest Level of Education Completed | ||||||
None | 173 | 60.3% | 109 | 57.7% | 64 | 65.3% |
Primary school or Higher Completed | 114 | 39.7% | 80 | 42.3% | 34 | 34.7% |
Child Having any Picture/Children’s Books | ||||||
No | 259 | 90.9% | 169 | 89.9% | 90 | 92.8% |
Yes | 26 | 9.1% | 19 | 10.1% | 7 | 7.2% |
Child Plays with Homemade Toys (such as dolls, cars, or other toys) | ||||||
No | 102 | 35.5% | 61 | 32.3% | 41 | 41.8% |
Yes | 185 | 64.5% | 128 | 67.7% | 57 | 58.2% |
Child Plays with Toys from a Shop or Manufactured Toys | ||||||
No | 239 | 83.3% | 156 | 82.5% | 83 | 84.7% |
Yes | 48 | 16.7% | 33 | 17.5% | 15 | 15.3% |
Child Plays with Household Objects (such as bowls or pots) or Objects | ||||||
No | 89 | 31.0% | 51 | 27.0% | 38 | 38.8% |
Yes | 198 | 69.0% | 138 | 73.0% | 60 | 61.2% |
Child Discipline | ||||||
No Violent Discipline | 75 | 26.1% | 35 | 18.5% | 40 | 40.8% |
Any Violent Discipline | 212 | 73.9% | 154 | 81.5% | 58 | 59.2% |
Child Experienced Any Inadequate Care | ||||||
No | 163 | 56.8% | 107 | 56.6% | 56 | 57.1% |
Yes, left alone or with a child under 10 for 1+ hours | 124 | 43.2% | 82 | 43.4% | 42 | 42.9% |
Mother Engaged in 4+ Activities to Support Learning | ||||||
No | 146 | 50.9% | 93 | 49.2% | 53 | 54.1% |
Yes | 141 | 49.1% | 96 | 50.8% | 45 | 45.9% |
Mother-Reported Social Support, median (IQR) | 2.35 | 1.97, 2.77 | 2.38 | 1.96, 2.83 | 2.27 | 2.00, 2.74 |
Months of Adequate Household Food Provision in Last Year, median (IQR) | 9 | 7, 10 | 9 | 7, 10 | 9 | 7, 10 |
Minimum Dietary Diversity: Child ate from 4+ IYCF Food Groups | ||||||
No | 110 | 38.3% | 75 | 39.7% | 35 | 35.7% |
Yes | 177 | 61.7% | 114 | 60.3% | 63 | 64.3% |
Height-for-Age (Stunting), n = 252 | ||||||
Normal | 106 | 42.1% | 78 | 43.6% | 28 | 38.4% |
Stunted | 146 | 57.9% | 101 | 56.4% | 45 | 61.6% |
Weight-for-Age (Underweight), n = 284 | ||||||
Normal | 187 | 65.9% | 132 | 70.7% | 55 | 56.1% |
Underweight | 97 | 34.2% | 54 | 29.0% | 43 | 44.7% |
Weight-for-Height (Wasting), n = 254 | ||||||
Normal | 239 | 94.1% | 174 | 96.1% | 65 | 89.0% |
Wasted | 15 | 5.9% | 7 | 3.9% | 8 | 11.0% |
Child Development on ASQ-3, n = 284 | ||||||
On-Track | 62 | 21.8% | 52 | 27.8% | 10 | 10.3% |
At Risk for Developmental Delay | 222 | 78.2% | 135 | 72.2% | 87 | 89.7% |
Caregiver-reported Child Disability | ||||||
No | 74 | 25.8% | 60 | 31.8% | 14 | 14.3% |
Potential Disability | 213 | 74.2% | 129 | 68.3% | 84 | 85.7% |
Maternal Mental Health | ||||||
Normal | 139 | 48.4% | 92 | 48.7% | 47 | 48.0% |
Poor | 148 | 51.6% | 97 | 51.3% | 51 | 52.0% |