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Table 1 Characteristics of live births and stillbirths in labour and delivery wards, EN-BIRTH Study (n = 23,072 births)

From: Stillbirths including intrapartum timing: EN-BIRTH multi-country validation study

 

Bangladesh

Bangladesh

Nepal

Tanzania

Tanzania

All sites

Azimpur Tertiary

Kushtia District

Pokhara Regional

Temeke Regional

Muhimbili National

Live births

Stillbirths

Live births

Stillbirths

Live births

Stillbirths

Live births

Stillbirths

Live births

Stillbirths

Live births

Stillbirths

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

a) Total babies observeda

2896

11

2308

74

7175

126

6634

153

3509

186

22,522

550

Mode of birth

 Normal vaginal birth

760 (26.2)

10 (90.9)

1337 (57.9)

51 (68.9)

5789 (80.7)

98 (77.8)

6157 (92.8)

133 (86.9)

1468 (41.8)

118 (63.1)

15,511 (68.9)

410 (74.4)

 Vaginal breech/ Vacuum/ Forceps

1 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

337 (4.7)

13 (10.3)

9 (0.1)

1 (0.7)

8 (0.2)

2 (1.1)

355 (1.6)

16 (2.9)

 Caesarean Section

2135 (73.7)

1 (9.1)

971 (42.1)

23 (31.1)

1049 (14.6)

14 (11.1)

467 (7)

17 (11.1)

2033 (57.9)

61 (32.6)

6655 (29.6)

116 (21.1)

 Missing

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.8)

1 (0)

2 (1.3)

0 (0)

6 (3.2)

1 (0)

9 (1.6)

Birthweight

  < 1000

1 (0)

0 (0)

6 (0.3)

1 (1.4)

7 (0.1)

20 (15.9)

13 (0.2)

0 (0)

23 (0.7)

21 (11.5)

50 (0.2)

42 (7.7)

 1000–1499

1 (0)

0 (0)

27 (1.2)

0 (0)

23 (0.3)

15 (11.9)

14 (0.2)

8 (5.2)

132 (3.8)

27 (14.8)

197 (0.9)

50 (9.1)

 1500–2499

351 (12.1)

0 (0)

434 (18.8)

3 (4.1)

795 (11.1)

35 (27.8)

440 (6.6)

26 (17)

737 (21)

57 (31.1)

2757 (12.3)

121 (22.1)

 2500+

2525 (87.2)

3 (27.3)

1801 (78.2)

3 (4.1)

6233 (86.9)

41 (32.5)

5968 (90.1)

83 (54.2)

2515 (71.7)

34 (18.6)

19,042 (84.6)

164 (30)

 Birthweight missing

18 (0.6)

8 (72.7)

36 (1.6)

67 (90.5)

115 (1.6)

15 (11.9)

188 (2.8)

36 (23.5)

99 (2.9)

44 (24.1)

456 (2.0)

170 (31.1)

Gestational age (recorded at admission)

  < 28 weeks

1 (0)

0 (0)

6 (0.3)

1 (1.4)

6 (0.1)

22 (17.5)

1 (0)

2 (1.3)

12 (0.3)

7 (3.8)

26 (0.1)

32 (5.8)

 28–32 weeks

1 (0)

1 (9.1)

35 (1.5)

5 (6.8)

20 (0.3)

12 (9.5)

45 (0.7)

7 (4.6)

186 (5.3)

53 (28.6)

287 (1.3)

78 (14.2)

 32–36 weeks

637 (22)

4 (36.4)

464 (20.1)

43 (58.1)

337 (4.7)

27 (21.4)

1479 (22.3)

51 (33.6)

971 (27.7)

79 (42.7)

3888 (17.3)

204 (37.2)

 37+

2180 (75.3)

5 (45.5)

1789 (77.5)

25 (33.8)

6550 (91.4)

57 (45.2)

4503 (67.9)

78 (51.3)

2267 (64.7)

43 (23.2)

17,289 (76.8)

208 (38)

 Missing

77 (2.7)

1 (9.1)

13 (0.6)

0 (0)

257 (3.6)

8 (6.3)

605 (9.1)

14 (9.2)

69 (2)

3 (1.6)

1021 (4.5)

26 (4.7)

Sex

 Female

1437 (49.6)

4 (36.4)

1118 (48.4)

36 (48.6)

3315 (46.2)

54 (42.9)

3201 (48.3)

64 (41.8)

1723 (49.1)

90 (48.4)

10,794 (47.9)

248 (45.1)

 Male

1458 (50.3)

7 (63.6)

1189 (51.5)

31 (41.9)

3837 (53.5)

66 (52.4)

3397 (51.2)

84 (54.9)

1760 (50.2)

73 (39.2)

11,641 (51.7)

261 (47.5)

 Ambiguous

1 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0)

3 (4.1)

13 (0.2)

0 (0)

7 (0.1)

0 (0)

3 (0.1)

3 (1.6)

25 (0.1)

6 (1.1)

 Missing

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

4 (5.4)

10 (0.1)

6 (4.8)

29 (0.4)

5 (3.3)

23 (0.7)

20 (10.8)

62 (0.3)

35 (6.4)

b) Total women observedb

2872

11

2265

71

7111

119

6521

145

3331

174

22,100

520

Women’s age

  < 18 years

25 (0.9)

0 (0)

2 (0.1)

0 (0)

303 (4.3)

6 (5)

25 (0.4)

1 (0.7)

6 (0.2)

1 (0.6)

361 (1.6)

8 (1.5)

 18–19 years

465 (16.2)

3 (27.3)

185 (8.2)

6 (8.5)

800 (11.3)

10 (8.4)

748 (11.5)

10 (6.9)

147 (4.4)

7 (4.0)

2345 (10.6)

36 (6.9)

 20–24 years

1147 (39.9)

4 (36.4)

881 (38.9)

28 (39.4)

2978 (41.9)

37 (31.1)

2239 (34.3)

43 (29.7)

674 (20.2)

40 (23)

7919 (35.8)

152 (29.2)

 25–29 years

854 (29.7)

3 (27.3)

700 (30.9)

26 (36.6)

2041 (28.7)

32 (26.9)

1636 (25.1)

41 (28.3)

1068 (32.1)

47 (27)

6299 (28.5)

149 (28.7)

 30–34 years

294 (10.2)

1 (9.1)

353 (15.6)

8 (11.3)

785 (11)

20 (16.8)

1108 (17)

25 (17.2)

864 (25.9)

40 (23)

3404 (15.4)

94 (18.1)

 35+ years

87 (3)

0 (0)

144 (6.4)

3 (4.2)

204 (2.9)

14 (11.8)

765 (11.7)

25 (17.2)

572 (17.2)

39 (22.4)

1772 (8.0)

81 (15.6)

Women’s education

 No education

37 (1.3)

0 (0)

70 (3.1)

5 (7)

256 (3.6)

7 (5.9)

196 (3)

3 (2.1)

62 (1.9)

3 (1.7)

621 (2.8)

18 (3.5)

 Primary incomplete

110 (3.8)

0 (0)

117 (5.2)

7 (9.9)

240 (3.4)

9 (7.6)

76 (1.2)

1 (0.7)

40 (1.2)

5 (2.9)

583 (2.6)

22 (4.2)

 Primary complete

333 (11.6)

2 (18.2)

317 (14)

18 (25.4)

287 (4)

8 (6.7)

28 (0.4)

1 (0.7)

4 (0.1)

1 (0.6)

969 (4.4)

30 (5.8)

 Secondary incomplete

973 (33.9)

4 (36.4)

900 (39.7)

27 (38)

1582 (22.2)

25 (21)

3921 (60.1)

87 (60)

1189 (35.7)

77 (44.3)

8565 (38.8)

220 (42.3)

 Secondary complete or higher

1259 (43.8)

5 (45.5)

828 (36.6)

13 (18.3)

4370 (61.5)

49 (41.2)

2268 (34.8)

52 (35.9)

2022 (60.7)

88 (50.6)

10,747 (48.6)

207 (39.8)

 Missing

160 (5.6)

0 (0)

33 (1.5)

1 (1.4)

376 (5.3)

21 (17.6)

32 (0.5)

1 (0.7)

14 (0.4)

0 (0)

615 (2.8)

23 (4.4)

Parity

 Nullipara

1326 (46.2)

10 (90.9)

960 (42.4)

28 (39.4)

4255 (59.8)

58 (48.7)

2822 (43.3)

56 (38.6)

1270 (38.1)

62 (35.6)

10,633 (48.1)

214 (41.2)

 Multipara

1493 (52)

1 (9.1)

1300 (57.4)

43 (60.6)

2849 (40.1)

61 (51.3)

3686 (56.5)

88 (60.7)

2057 (61.8)

112 (64.4)

11,385 (51.5)

305 (58.7)

 Missing

53 (1.8)

0 (0)

5 (0.2)

0 (0)

7 (0.1)

0 (0)

13 (0.2)

1 (0.7)

4 (0.1)

0 (0)

82 (0.4)

1 (0.2)

  1. aData from observation
  2. bData collected from women’s registration and survey report