Table 2 Sociodemographic characteristics of study population by country
Characteristics | Cambodia N = 3037 | Kenya N = 2805 | Zambia N = 1171 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | I N = 1261 | C N = 1776 | p value | I N = 1590 | C N = 1215 | p value | I N = 634 | C N = 537 | p value |
n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | ||||
Male-headed household | 1130 (89.8) | 1584 (89.5) | 0.815 | 1360 (86.4) | 1076 (89.3) | 0.022 | 288 (46.3) | 368 (69.7) | < 0.001 |
Mean family size | 5.1 | 4.8 | < 0.001 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 0.021 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 0.173 |
Mother’s age (in years) | |||||||||
 15–19 | 49 (3.9) | 81 (4.6) | 0.359 | 140 (8.8) | 100 (8.2) | 0.588 | 97 (15.3) | 86 (16) | 0.738 |
 20–36 | 1113 (88.3) | 1536 (86.5) | 0.144 | 1334 (83.9) | 1040 (85.6) | 0.214 | 455 (71.8) | 394 (73.4) | 0.540 |
 37–49 | 99 (7.8) | 159 (8.9) | 0.279 | 116 (7.3) | 75 (6.2) | 0.237 | 82 (12.9) | 57 (10.6) | 0.219 |
Marital status | |||||||||
 Married | 1239 (98.3) | 1744 (98.2) | 0.906 | 1321 (83.4) | 1121 (92.6) | < 0.001 | 438 (69.4) | 399 (74.3) | 0.064 |
 Single/divorced/widow-ed | 22 (1.7) | 32 (1.8) | 0.906 | 263 (16.6) | 90 (7.4) | < 0.001 | 193 (30.6) | 138 (25.7) | 0.064 |
Highest education | |||||||||
 No education | 191 (15.4) | 453 (25.8) | < 0.001 | 19 (1.3) | 52 (4.8) | < 0.001 | 44 (8.3) | 68 (15.7) | < 0.001 |
 Primary | 675 (54.3) | 764 (43.5) | < 0.001 | 1004 (69.2) | 791 (72.7) | 0.050 | 268 (49.8) | 221 (50.9) | 0.676 |
 Secondary or more | 377 (30.3) | 539 (30.7) | 0.831 | 429 (29.5) | 244 (22.5) | < 0.001 | 225 (41.9) | 145 (33.4) | 0.004 |
Parity | |||||||||
 Primiparous | 504 (40.0) | 674 (38.0) | 0.262 | 422 (26.6) | 337 (27.7) | 0.205 | 161 (25.4) | 179 (33.3) | 0.006 |
 Multiparous | 756 (60.0) | 1098 (62.0) | 0.275 | 1160 (73.4) | 871 (72.3) | 0.210 | 465 (74.6) | 336 (66.7) | < 0.001 |
Had prior miscarriage or stillbirth | 264 (20.9) | 454 (25.6) | 0.003 | 63 (4.0) | 65 (5.4) | 0.165 | 40 (6.3) | 24 (4.5) | 0.165 |
Wealth quintile | |||||||||
 Poorest (<20th percentile) | 201 (15.9) | 636 (35.8) | < 0.001 | 238 (15) | 282 (23.3) | < 0.001 | 167 (26.1) | 89 (16.6) | < 0.001 |
 Poor (20th–39th percentile) | 156 (12.4) | 357 (20.1) | < 0.001 | 314 (19.7) | 284 (23.4) | 0.021 | 104 (16.4) | 106 (19.7) | 0.141 |
 Middle (40th–59th percentile) | 277 (22) | 353 (19.9) | 0.164 | 284 (17.9) | 229 (18.8) | 0.505 | 120 (18.9) | 115 (21.4) | 0.292 |
 Rich (60th–79th percentile) | 331 (26.2) | 255 (14.4) | < 0.001 | 316 (19.9) | 234 (19.2) | 0.684 | 160 (25.2) | 125 (23.2) | 0.436 |
 Richest (80th–99th percentile) | 296 (23.5) | 175 (9.8) | < 0.001 | 438 (27.5) | 186 (15.3) | < 0.001 | 83 (13.1) | 102 (18.9) | 0.006 |
Has health insurance | 333 (26.4) | 536 (30.2) | 0.022 | – | – | – | – | – | – |