Table 2 Summary of potential confounders for maternal and newborn health interventions and resources and their associations with all-cause neonatal mortality in the Nigeria 2013 DHS survey, among deaths and survivors, for 19,685 livebirths in the five years prior to survey

Birth order

first

18%

25%

18%

(ref)

<  0.001^a

2nd-4th

45%

35%

45%

0.984

5th+

37%

40%

37%

0.991

Multiple birth

2%

8%

2%

1.099

<  0.001

Mother’s education

None

48%

47%

48%

(ref)

0.489^b

Primary

19%

24%

19%

1.007

Secondary

33%

29%

33%

0.997

Father’s education

None

38%

38%

38%

(ref)

0.806^b

Primary

18%

18%

18%

1.001

Secondary

41%

40%

41%

0.999

Missing

3%

4%

3%

1.008

Mother’s age at first birth

< 15

8%

7%

8%

(ref)

0.030^a

15–17

32%

30%

32%

1.002

18–24

48%

47%

48%

1.002

25–34

12%

15%

12%

1.009

35+

0%

1%

0%

1.067

Mother’s age at index birth

< 15

0%

0%

0%

(ref)

0.027^a

15–17

6%

8%

6%

1.009

18–24

31%

26%

31%

0.995

25–34

44%

44%

44%

0.999

35+

18%

22%

18%

1.004

Mother married

92%

92%

92%

1.001

0.822

Area

Urban

36%

32%

36%

(ref)

Rural

64%

68%

64%

1.005

0.095

Wealth Quintile

Poorest

23%

23%

23%

(ref)

0.224^b

Poorer

22%

27%

22%

1.006

Middle

19%

16%

19%

0.996

Richer

18%

18%

18%

1.000

Richest

18%

16%

18%

0.997

Prior neonatal death in household

16%

30%

15%

1.029

<  0.001