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Table 2 Characteristics associated with the least-well functioning quintile in the postpartum sample (N = 740)

From: Measurement of maternal functioning during pregnancy and postpartum: findings from the cross-sectional WHO pilot study in Jamaica, Kenya, and Malawi

 

Distribution in Sample

N (%)

Model A*

Model B **

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

P

Country setting

Country

Jamaica

256 (34.6%)

1.00

 

< 0.0001

1.00

 

< 0.0001

Kenya

242 (32.7%)

3.11

1.83, 5.27

7.01

3.85, 12.75

Malawi

242 (32.7%)

0.41

0.25, 0.067

0.86

0.50, 1.49

Health condition and associated risk factors

Direct maternal conditiona

None

676 (91.4%)

1.00

 

0.0148

1.00

 

0.1188

1 + direct condition

64 (8.7%)

2.31

1.21, 4.39

1.78

0.84, 3.77

Indirect maternal conditiona

None

646 (87.3%)

1.00

 

0.0043

1.00

 

0.0304

1 + indirect condition

94 (12.7%)

2.58

1.43, 4.67

1.96

1.08, 3.55

Any condition

None

951 (79.9%)

1.00

 

0.0001

 

1 + condition

149 (20.1%)

2.82

1.88, 4.22

Anxiety scoreb [mean (SD)]

1.5 (2.4)

1.22

1.09, 1.36

0.0018

1.11

0.98, 1.27

0.0875

Depression scorec [mean (SD)]

1.2 (2.0)

1.30

1.16, 1.46

0.0003

1.19

1.01, 1.40

0.0353

Exposure to violence

No

659 (89.1%)

1.00

   

Yes

81 (11.0%)

1.32

0.67, 2.59

0.3939

Substance use

No

717 (96.9%)

1.00

 

0.9225

 

Yes

23 (3.1%)

0.93

0.21, 4.10

Socio-demographic characteristics

Maternal age

< 20 years

115 (15.5%)

1.00

 

0.0929

1.00

 

0.0960

20–34 years

550 (74.3%)

1.17

0.70, 1.94

1.21

0.68, 2.14

≥ 35 years

75 (10.1%)

2.03

1.01, 4.10

2.11

0.97, 4.58

Previous births

No previous births

240 (32.4%)

1.00

 

0.3285

 

1 previous

199 (26.9%)

0.81

0.61, 1.07

2 + previous

301 (40.27)

0.89

0.55, 1.44

Maternal education

Primary or less

214 (28.9%)

1.00

 

0.1719

 

Secondary

356 (48.1%)

1.66

0.87, 3.18

Tertiary

170 (23.0%)

1.68

0.85, 3.00

Marital status

No partner

227 (30.7%)

1.00

 

0.9286

 

Has partner

513 (69.3%)

1.02

0.69, 1.49

Employed

No

384 (51.9%)

1.00

 

0.1707

 

Yes

356 (48.1%)

1.27

0.89, 1.82

Characteristics associated with index delivery

Mode of delivery

Vaginal

577 (78.0%)

1.00

 

0.0447

1.00

 

0.0653

Caesarean

163 (22.0%)

2.19

1.2, 4.68

2.08

0.95, 4.55

Currently breastfeeding

No

19 (2.8%)

3.34

0.93, 12.01

0.0478

3.19

0.60, 16.97

0.0401

Yes

711 (96.1%)

1.00

 

1.00

 

Infant not alive

10 (1.4%)

4.61

1.23, 17.19

3.10

1.30, 7.40

  1. * Adjusted for country
  2. ** Adjusted for country, direct maternal health condition, indirect maternal health condition & maternal age a priori, in addition to characteristics associated with p < 0.1 in Model A. Any health condition not included in model due to over-adjustment
  3. aAs per the ICD-10 classification
  4. bAttainable range: 0 to 21
  5. cAttainable range: 0 to 27
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