Table 1 Characteristics associated with the least-well functioning quintile in the antenatal sample (N = 750)

Country setting

Country

Jamaica

253 (33.7%)

1.00

0.0025

1.00

0.0456

Kenya

258 (34.4%)

1.10

0.56, 2.15

2.00

0.88, 4.57

Malawi

239 (31.9%)

0.67

0.36, 1.25

1.27

0.57, 2.83

Health condition and associated risk factors

Direct maternal condition^a

None

613 (81.7%)

1.00

0.0933

1.00

0.0398

1 + direct condition

137 (18.3%)

1.46

0.93, 2.30

1.69

1.03, 2.76

Indirect maternal condition^a

None

615 (82.0%)

1.00

0.2618

1.00

0.5607

1 + indirect condition

135 (18.0%)

1.29

0.81, 2.08

1.18

0.65, 2.13

Any condition

None

500 (66.7%)

1.00

0.0077

1 + condition

250 (33.3%)

1.42

1.12, 1.80

Anxiety score^b [mean (SD)]

2.6 (3.0)

1.22

1.11, 1.35

0.0005

1.16

1.03, 1.32

0.0214

Depression score^c [mean (SD)]

2.4 (3.3)

1.19

1.12, 1.28

0.0001

1.10

1.00, 1.22

0.0582

Exposure to violence

No

654 (87.2%)

1.00

0.0807

1.00

0.8435

Yes

96 (12.8%)

1.63

0.93, 2.86

1.05

0.61, 1.80

Substance use

No

720 (96.0%)

1.00

0.8182

Yes

30 (4.0%)

0.90

0.33, 2.44

Socio-demographic characteristics

Maternal age

< 20 years

91 (12.1%)

1.00

0.1950

1.00

0.0589

20–34 years

591 (78.8%)

1.71

0.93, 3.12

2.04

1.17, 3.54

≥ 35 years

68 (9.1%)

2.96

0.87, 10.06

3.80

1.16, 12.45

Previous births

No previous births

260 (34.7%)

1.00

0.2622

1 previous births

202 (26.9%)

1.01

0.70, 1.47

2 + previous

288 (38.4%)

1.50

0.90, 2.50

Maternal education

Primary or less

202 (26.9%)

1.00

0.2880

Secondary

370 (49.3%)

1.05

0.77, 1.43

Tertiary

178 (23.7%)

1.66

0.87, 3.17

Marital status

No partner

218 (29.1%)

1.00

0.8335

Has partner

532 (70.9%)

1.06

0.60, 1.87

Employed

No

357 (47.6%)

1.00

0.4821

Yes

393 (52.4%)

1.20

0.70, 2.06