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Table 1 Characteristics of Included Studies

From: Well-being in high-risk pregnancy: an integrative review

No.

Authors/Year/Country

Aims

Study design

Well-being definition

1

Fellmeth/2018/Thai-Myanmar

To explore experiences of perinatal depression among refugee and labor migrant women living along the Thai-Myanmar border [23]

Qualitative

Well-being is defined by mental health and lack of prenatal depression.

2

Göbel/2018/Denmark

To systematically report and summarize the methodology and results of studies examining the relation between prenatal anxiety and maternal-fetal bonding [24]

Explanatory analysis and systematic review

Negative well-being includes maternal anxiety, distress, and depression.

3

Gentile/2017/Italy

To assess effects of intrauterine exposure to maternal depression or depressive symptoms in order to help clinicians to balance the risk of fetal complications with the effects of maternal mood disorders [25]

Systematic review

Negative well-being include depression and emotional distress.

4

Queyam/2017/Eastern Macedonia

To assess and compare different techniques to non-invasively measure physiological parameters for the purpose of monitoring fetomaternal well-being [26]

Review of methods

Maternal well-being is monitored through physiological parameters.

5

Fairbrother/2017/Canada

To assess the prevalence and incidence of anxiety disorders among pregnant women with varying levels of maternal, obstetric, and fetal risk in pregnancy [27]

Cohort

Well-being is implicitly defined as the absence of perinatal anxiety.

6

Nasiri-Kanari/2017/Iran

To examine the relationship of subjective well-being and happiness with pregnancy anxiety among pregnant women in Tabriz [28]

Descriptive correlational

Subjective well-being and happiness are two positive factors in decreasing pregnancy anxiety.

7

Linden/2016/Sweden

To explore well-being and diabetes management in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus in early pregnancy and

To investigate associations among perceived well-being, diabetes management, and maternal characteristics [29]

Multi-centre randomized controlled trial

Well-being is defined by great self-efficacy for blood sugar control and low level of anxiety.

8

Saraian/2016/Iran

To compare perceived social support and psychological well-being between pregnant women with surrogacy, assisted reproductive technology (ART), and natural fertility [30]

Descriptive

Ryff’s definition of psychological well-being.

9

Taylor/2015/United Kingdom

To examine the case for universal thyroid screening in pregnancy and scrutinize this against established criteria for screening [31]

Review

Thyroid dysfunction denotes poor maternal well-being.

10

Roberts/2014/Australia

To explore pregnancy-related anticipated and experienced stress and promoting psychological well-being among women with phenylketonuria [32]

Qualitative

Well-being is implicitly defined by the absence of stress, concern, feeling of guilt, and physical problems and presence of positive social interactions.

11

Ngoma/2012/Japan

To explore support-seeking behavior among Japanese mothers at high risk for mental health problems [33]

Survey

Well-being in HRP is implicitly defined by mental health and lack of maternal depression.

12

McCarthy/2011/New Zealand, Australia, Ireland, and United Kingdom

To investigate the association between hyperemesis gravidarum and altered cognitive, behavioral and emotional well-being in pregnancy [14]

Prospective cohort

Well-being in HRP has cognitive, behavioral, and emotional dimensions and is implicitly defined by and lack of anxiety, stress, depression, and behavioral responses to pregnancy.

13

Bigelow/2011/USA

To assess bed rest versus normal activity for various complications of pregnancy [34]

Review

Well-being in HRP has physical, psychological, interpersonal, financial, spiritual and societal dimensions.

14

Woods/2010/USA

To identify factors associated with high antenatal psychosocial stress and describe the course of psychosocial stress during pregnancy [35]

Longitudinal study

Well-being in HRP is implicitly defined by lack of psychosocial stress.

15

Tough/2010/Canada

To identify maternal well-being and its association with the risk of developmental problems in children at school entry [36]

Cohort study

Well-being is defined as mental health.

16

Leeners/2008/German

To investigate the experience of women with hypertensive diseases in pregnancy [37]

Exploratory

and descriptive

Well-being in HRP is implicitly defined by lack of psychosocial strain, stress, fear, uncertainty, dissatisfaction, and feeling of guilt.

17

Stark/2007/United States

To examine the relationship between maternal perceived stress and health-promoting self-care behaviors in women with HRP [38]

Descriptive-correlational

Well-being in HRP is implicitly defined by lack of stress, fear, and anxiety.

18

Dunn/2007/United States

To examine relationships among anxiety, depression, and spiritual well-being in three groups of women (non-pregnant, normal pregnancy, HRP on bed rest) [39]

Descriptive-correlational

“Spiritual well-being has two dimensions, namely existential and religious. Existential spiritual well-being refers to a sense of meaning and purpose in life. Religious spiritual well-being refers to having a focus on one’s relationship with God or a higher power”

19

Black/2007/United States

To investigate the relationships of psychological stress, preeclampsia/gestational hypertension symptoms, confidence in self-monitoring, well-being, and perceived social support with preeclampsia/gestational hypertension disease progression in outpatient women [40]

Retrospective correlational and comparative

Well-being is an abstract level of health. Well-being in HRP has two dimensions, namely physical (including fitness) and psychological (including mood, affect, and contentment).

20

Sayil/2007/Turkey

To examine demographic, environmental, and personality factors related to maternal well-being [41]

Cohort

Well-being in HRP is implicitly defined by lack of maternal anxiety and depression.

21

Breen/2006/Canada

To explores the connections between spirituality, health, and HRP [42]

Review

Well-being in HRP has three dimensions, namely physical, mental, and spiritual. Spiritual well-being affects physical and mental well-being.

22

Markovic/2006/Australia

To investigate how the Australian social context and the health care system intersect with and shape the experiences of individual women [43]

Grounded theory

Negative well-being in HRP is defined by lack of control over body and feelings of concern, uncertainty, and threat.

23

Giurgescu/2006/USA

To investigate whether prenatal coping strategies (preparation for motherhood, avoidance, positive interpretation of events, and prayer) mediate the effects of uncertainty and social support on the psychological well-being of women with HRP [44]..

Cross-sectional

Well-being is defined by lack of fear, anxiety, emotional distance from the baby, depression, loneliness, dysphoria, anxiety, hostility, fear, and loss of control.

24

Hobel/2003/USA

To assess the role of psychosocial and nutritional stress on poor pregnancy outcome [45]

Review

Well-being is implicitly defined by lack of psychosocial stress, fears, and anxiety.

25

Levy-Shiff/2002/Israel

To empirically explore psychosocial functioning in HRP and its relation to infant developmental outcomes by focusing on the pregnancies of women with presentational diabetes mellitus and women with gestational diabetes mellitus [46]

Cohort

Well-being is defined by lack of health-related stress. It consists of three components, namely physical exhaustion, emotional exhaustion, and psychological exhaustion.

26

Paarlberg/1996/Netherlands

To examine the psychosocial predictors of well-being and of pregnancy-related complaints throughout pregnancy [47]

Cohort

Well-being is defined as adequate physical and mental functioning.

27

Langer/1996/Latin American

To examine the impact of a psychosocial support program on women’s psychosocial conditions and on their role as mothers

To explore the impact of a psychosocial support program on well-being and satisfaction with reproductive experience [48]

Randomized controlled trial

Well-being in HRP is implicitly defined by lack of psychosocial distress and maternal anxiety.

28

Oakley/1991/United Kingdom

To assess the views and experiences of high-risk mothers with respect to the use of medical care [49]

Randomized controlled trial

Well-being is defined as satisfaction and absence of stress.

29

Lang/1989/German

To describe the current situation of diabetic pregnancies in comparison to non-diabetic pregnancies in a Central European setting [50]

Survey

Well-being is implicitly defined by lack of maternal mortality and morbidity.

30

Cunningham/1979/Texas

To assess the prophylactic transfusions of normal red blood cells during pregnancies complicated by sickle cell hemoglobinopathies [51].

Cohort

Well-being is defined as successful control of physical stressors such as pain, edema, weight, blood pressure and laboratory parameters.