Table 1 Participant Characteristics (% a), National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 2006–2011 (n = 4395)
From: Periconceptional stressors and social support and risk for adverse birth outcomes
Characteristic | Low Stress Score (0–3)b | High Stress Score (4–7)b |
|---|---|---|
N = 4186 | N = 209 | |
Race/ethnicity | ||
White non-Hispanic | 2351 (56.2) | 96 (45.9) |
Black non-Hispanic | 404 (9.7) | 43 (20.6) |
Hispanic | 1131 (27.0) | 48 (23.0) |
Other | 299 (7.1) | 22 (10.5) |
Missing | 1 (< 0.1) | – |
Age (years) | ||
< 20 | 351 (8.4) | 30 (14.4) |
20–24 | 876 (20.9) | 88 (42.1) |
25–29 | 1247 (29.8) | 45 (21.5) |
30–34 | 1112 (26.6) | 31 (14.8) |
> 34 | 600 (14.3) | 15 (7.2) |
Parity | ||
Nulliparous | 1656 (39.6) | 89 (42.6) |
Parous | 2529 (60.4) | 120 (57.4) |
Missing | 1 (< 0.1) | – |
Education | ||
< High school | 658 (15.7) | 32 (15.3) |
High school graduate | 917 (21.9) | 81 (38.8) |
> High school | 2602 (62.2) | 96 (45.9) |
Missing | 9 (0.2) | – |
Smokingc | ||
No | 3559 (85.0) | 108 (51.7) |
Yes | 625 (14.9) | 101 (48.3) |
Missing | 2 (< 0.1) | – |
Use of folic acid-containing vitamin/mineral supplement | ||
Began month before or 1st month | 2423 (57.9) | 86 (41.2) |
Began 2nd - 3rd month | 1277 (30.5) | 79 (37.8) |
Began later or none | 447 (10.7) | 41 (19.6) |
Missing | 39 (0.9) | 3 (1.4) |
Alcohol use c | ||
None | 2611 (62.4) | 103 (49.3) |
Some | 1029 (24.6) | 48 (23.0) |
Binge drinking d | 511 (12.2) | 57 (27.3) |
Missing | 35 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | ||
Underweight (< 18.5) | 200 (4.8) | 10 (4.8) |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 2041 (48.8) | 91 (43.5) |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 925 (22.1) | 48 (23.0) |
Obese (> = 30.0) | 849 (20.3) | 55 (26.3) |
Missing | 171 (4.1) | 5 (2.4) |