Table 1 Patient characteristics, anthropometric profile and glycaemic profile
GDM+PCOS+ N = 326 | GDM+PCOS0 N = 1215 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean age (years) | 29.5 (±4.4) | 31.5 (±5.3) | <0.001 |
Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||
Caucasian | 124 (37.8) | 266 (21.8) | |
Non Caucasian | 204 (62.2) | 951 (78.2) | |
Africans | 6 (1.8) | 40 (3.2) | |
Southeast Asians | 30 (9.2) | 257 (21.2) | |
South Asians | 42 (12.8) | 226 (18.6) | |
Pacific Islanders | 16 (4.8) | 88 (7.3) | |
Middle-East | 96 (29.4) | 312 (25.7) | |
South Americans | 4 (1.2) | 15 (1.2) | |
Indigenous | 6 (1.8) | 10 (0.8) | |
Other | 4 (1.2) | 3 (0.2) | |
Gravidity | <0.001 | ||
Primigravidity | 104 (31.9) | 244 (20) | |
Multigravidity | 222 (68.1) | 973 (80) | |
<5 pregnancies | 180 (55.2) | 740 (60.1) | |
≥5 pregnancies | 42 (12.9) | 233 (19.1) | |
Smoking status | 0.020 | ||
Smokers | 36 (11.1) | 87 (7.2) | |
Non-smokers | 288 (88.9) | 1129 (92.8) | |
Family History of diabetes | 0.950 | ||
Yes | 150 (46.6) | 562 (46.8) | |
No | 172 (53.4) | 639 (53.2) | |
Past history of GDMa | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 32 (18.9) | 305 (36.3) | |
No | 138 (81.1) | 536 (63.7) | |
Mean Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 31.5 (±6.7) | 27.7 (±9.4) | <0.001 |
Body Habitus | <0.001 | ||
Non-obese | 200 (62.5) | 836 (68.5) | |
Obesity (BMI>30) | 120 (37.5) | 384 (31.5) | |
Mean gestational weight gain (kg) | 12.6 (±7.7) | 11.5 (±7.4) | 0.016 |
Previous insulin use | 0.357 | ||
Yes | 30 (9.2) | 144 (11.8) | |
No | 296 (90.8) | 1072 (88.2) | |
Use of Metformin during current pregnancy | 0.005 | ||
Yes | 64 (20.5) | 151 (12.4) | |
No | 248 (79.5) | 1064 (87.6) | |
Insulin used during current pregnancy | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 178 (57.1) | 536 (44.1) | |
No | 134 (42.9) | 679 (55.9) | |
Management during current pregnancy | <0.001 | ||
Nil medications | 132 (42.3) | 666 (54.8) | |
Metformin only | 47 (15.1) | 98 (8.1) | |
Insulin only | 116 (37.2) | 399 (32.8) | |
Combination | 17 (5.4) | 52 (4.3) | |
Mean dose of prandial insulin at the end of pregnancy (units) | 37.7 (±59.5) | 35.4 (±39.2) | 0.425 |
Mean dose of basal insulin at the end of pregnancy (units) | 18.5 (±23.9) | 17.0 (±17.3) | 0.529 |
Mean fasting BGLb on OGTT (mmol/L) | 5.4 (±3.6) | 5.1 (±0.7) | 0.006 |
Mean 1 hour BGLb on OGTT (mmol/L) | 9.7 (±1.7) | 9.9 (±1.8) | 0.225 |
Mean 2 hour BGLb on OGTT (mmol/L) | 7.7 (±1.7) | 7.8 (±2.2) | 0.469 |
Mean HbA1c at diagnosis | 5.2 (±0.4) | 5.2 (±0.4) | 0.539 |