Early pregnancy vitamin D and the risk of adverse maternal and infant outcomes: a retrospective cohort study

Table 3 Associations between early pregnant serum vitamin D concentrations and maternal & infant outcomes

	25(OH)D ^a			25(OH)D₂ ^a			25(OH)D₃ ^a
	HR	95%CI	P	HR	95%CI	P	HR	95%CI	P
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Model 1	0.832	(0.754, 0.919)	< 0.001	0.734	(0.621, 0.867)	< 0.001	0.833	(0.754, 0.919)	< 0.001
Model 2	0.861	(0.779, 0.951)	0.003	0.776	(0.656, 0.918)	0.003	0.861	(0.779, 0.952)	0.003
Caesarean section
Model 1	0.923	(0.873, 0.975)	0.004	0.954	(0.883, 1.032)	0.243	0.923	(0.873, 0.975)	0.004
Model 2	0.957	(0.905, 1.012)	0.122	0.981	(0.929, 1.035)	0.480	0.957	(0.905, 1.012)	0.120
Fetal distress
Model 1	0.931	(0.824, 1.051)	0.246	0.885	(0.723, 1.084)	0.239	0.930	(0.824, 1.050)	0.244
Model 2	0.941	(0.833, 1.064)	0.333	0.903	(0.736, 1.107)	0.326	0.941	(0.833, 1.064)	0.333
Preterm birth
Model 1	0.840	(0.727, 0.970)	0.017	0.745	(0.585, 0.950)	0.017	0.839	(0.727, 0.969)	0.017
Model 2	0.844	(0.730, 0.976)	0.022	0.752	(0.589, 0.959)	0.022	0.844	(0.730, 0.975)	0.021
Low birth weight
Model 1	0.866	(0.741, 1.012)	0.070	0.785	(0.604, 1.020)	0.070	0.866	(0.741, 1.012)	0.069
Model 2	0.849	(0.726, 0.993)	0.041	0.759	(0.583, 0.988)	0.041	0.849	(0.726, 0.993)	0.040
Macrosomia
Model 1	1.078	(0.849, 1.369)	0.538	1.007	(0.857, 1.185)	0.930	1.077	(0.848, 1.368)	0.541
Model 2	1.148	(0.893, 1.475)	0.281	1.031	(0.900, 1.182)	0.657	1.147	(0.893, 1.475)	0.282

Cox regression analysis were operated for exploration of associations. Model 1: without adjustment. Model 2: adjusted for age, BMI, parity, season of blood collected. a: Per one SD increase

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