Table 2 Sample characteristics by Pregnancy Weight Gain (PWG) Category
Total Sample | Within recommendations | Less than recommended | Greater than recommended | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 1207 | N = 372 | N = 211 | N = 624 | P-value | |
Breastfeeding initiation | N (% of total sample) | N (% of respective PWG Category) | |||
Exclusive breastfeeding | 695 (57.6) | 227 (61.0) | 111 (52.6) | 357 (57.2) | 0.137 |
Combination feedinga | 512 (42.4) | 145 (39.0) | 100 (47.4) | 267 (42.8) | |
Median (Interquartile Range) | |||||
Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration (days)b | 90 (30–117) | 98 (42–120) | 90 (28–120) | 75 (28–109) | 0.004c |
Any Breastfeeding Duration (days) | 106 (42–123) | 110 (60–124) | 106 (42–123) | 101 (42–123) | 0.002c |
Pre-pregnancy BMI Category | N (% of total sample) | N (% of respective PWG Category) | |||
Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 623 (51.6) | 266 (71.5) | 111 (52.6) | 246 (39.4) | < 0.001 |
Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 289 (23.9) | 45 (12.1) | 35 (16.6) | 209 (33.5) | |
Obese (30.0 or higher kg/m2) | 295 (24.4) | 61 (16.4) | 65 (30.8) | 169 (27.1) | |
Mean (sd) | |||||
Maternal Age (years) | 29.25 (5.70) | 30.00 (5.44) | 29.19 (5.89) | 28.82 (5.75) | 0.007d |
Maternal Education | N (% of total sample) | N (% of respective PWG Category) | |||
Bachelor’s or more | 548 (45.4) | 214 (57.5) | 83 (39.3) | 251 (40.2) | < 0.001e |
Some college | 313 (25.9) | 75 (20.2) | 53 (25.1) | 185 (29.6) | |
High school or less | 345 (28.6) | 83 (22.3) | 74 (35.1) | 188 (30.1) | |
Missingf | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
Race and Ethnicity | |||||
White non-Hispanic | 856 (70.9) | 290 (78.0) | 123 (58.3) | 443 (71.0) | < 0.001e |
Black non-Hispanic | 182 (15.1) | 39 (10.5) | 47 (22.3) | 96 (15.4) | |
Other non-Hispanic | 49 (4.1) | 20 (5.4) | 13 (6.2) | 16 (2.6) | |
Hispanic | 66 (5.5) | 12 (3.2) | 16 (7.6) | 38 (6.1) | |
Missing f | 54 (4.5) | 11 (3.0) | 12 (5.7) | 31 (5.0) | |
Income statusg | |||||
Low Income | 521 (43.2) | 124 (33.3) | 108 (51.2) | 289 (46.3) | < 0.001 |
Marital status | |||||
Married | 785 (65.0) | 273 (73.4) | 127 (60.2) | 385 (61.7) | < 0.001 |
Mean (sd) | |||||
Parity | 0.84 (1.14) | 0.82 (1.04) | 1.14 (1.39) | 0.75 (1.09) | < 0.001d |
N Missing (%) f | 6 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.8) | |
Smoking (last 2 years) | |||||
Yes | 310 (25.7) | 82 (22.0) | 45 (21.3) | 183 (29.3) | 0.011 |
Infant sex | |||||
Female | 577 (47.8) | 190 (51.1) | 99 (46.9) | 288 (46.2) | 0.310 |
Vaginal delivery | |||||
Yes | 858 (71.1) | 271 (72.8) | 158 (74.9) | 429 (68.8) | 0.157 |