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Table 2 The ultrasonic manifestation and myocardial deformation in the cohort of studies (nā€‰=ā€‰72)

From: Decreased biventricular myocardial deformation in fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction

Ā 

Fetus with LUTO (nā€‰=ā€‰36)

Normal control (nā€‰=ā€‰36)

P

Maternal age, years

30ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6

29ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4

0.36

GA at initial examination, weeks

21.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.2

21.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.2

1

EFW at initial examination, g

404.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰89.3

416.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰82.3

0.92

Male, n (%)

34 (94%)

25 (69.4%)

0.01

Obstruction manifestation

Ā Bladder volume, cm3

42.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.6

8.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.8

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Keyhole sign, n (%)

18 (50%)

0

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Pelvic diametersa, mm

18ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4

2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Ureteral diametersb, mm

4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1

0

<ā€‰0.001

Ā RA-PIc

2.00ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.10

1.97ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.14

0.28

Ā Renal cortical cysts, n (%)

8 (22.2%)

0

<ā€‰0.01

Ā Oligo-/anhydramnios, n (%)

22 (61.1%)

0

<ā€‰0.001

Ā AFI

42ā€‰Ā±ā€‰36

138ā€‰Ā±ā€‰26

<ā€‰0.001

Echocardiogram

Ā C/T

0.35ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.06

0.30ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.02

<ā€‰0.001

Ā PE, n (%)

5 (13.9%)

0

0.05

Ā LV hypertrophy, n (%)

4 (11.1%)

0

0.11

Ā LV thickness, mm

2.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4

1.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.3

0.09

Ā RV hypertrophy, n (%)

6 (16.7%)

0

0.03

Ā RV thickness, mm

2.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.4

1.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.2

0.05

Ā MVR, n (%)

3 (8.3%)

0

0.24

Ā TVR, n (%)

5 (13.9%)

0

0.05

Ā MV fusion, n (%)

4 (11.1%)

0

0.11

Ā TV fusion, n (%)

7 (19.4%)

0

0.01

Myocardial deformation

Ā LV-S, %

-16.03ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.89

-20.21ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.61

<ā€‰0.001

Ā LV-SRs, sāˆ’ā€‰1

-1.57ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.27

-2.07ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.17

<ā€‰0.001

Ā LV-SRd, sāˆ’ā€‰1

1.51ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.32

1.95ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.43

<ā€‰0.001

Ā RV-S, %

-16.35ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.70

-26.42ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.96

<ā€‰0.001

Ā RV-SRs, sāˆ’ā€‰1

-1.73ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.27

-2.61ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.81

<ā€‰0.001

Ā RV-SRd, sāˆ’ā€‰1

1.81ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.26

2.54ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.56

<ā€‰0.001

  1. aThe sum of the anteroposterior diameter of the bilateral pelvis; bsum of the bilateral ureteral diameters;cThe mean of the bilateral renal artery pulsatility index;
  2. GAĀ gestational age; EFWĀ estimated fetal weight; RAĀ renal artery; AFIĀ amniotic fluid index; C/TĀ cardiothoracic ratio; PEĀ pericardial effusion; LVĀ left ventricle; RVĀ right ventricle; MVRĀ mitral valve regurgitation; TVRĀ tricuspid valve regurgitation; SĀ strain; SRsĀ strain rate in systole; SRdĀ strain rate in diastole