Table 3 Frequencies and adjusted odds ratios for outcomes by stage of labour at admission where early labour is defined as < 5 cm cervical dilatation

Augmentation by oxytocin

9.2 (30)

32.8 (120)

3.99

2.54, 6.28

< .001

Artificial rupture of membranes

28.8 (94)

36.4 (134)

1.41

1.02, 1.95

.040

Epidural

9.1 (30)

36.9 (136)

5.05

3.26, 7.82

< .001

3.91^b

2.47, 6.18

<.001

Pharmacological pain relief

64.6 (212)

82.9 (306)

2.34

1.63, 3.35

< .001

2.01^b

1.39, 2.91

<.001

Non-pharmacological pain relief

45.1 (148)

46.3 (171)

0.92

0.68, 1.25

.600

0.91^b

0.67, 1.26

.582

Episiotomy

7.9 (26)

13.8 (51)

1.34

0.79, 2.25

.278

1.30^c

0.77, 2.21

.331

Caesarean birth

5.2 (17)

16.5 (61)

2.84

1.60, 5.05

<.001

Caesarean for slow progress

2.4 (8)

10.3 (38)

3.63

1.65, 7.99

.001

2.64^b

1.16–5.98

.020

Caesarean for fetal distress

2.1 (7)

6.2 (23)

2.34

0.97, 5.61

.058

Assisted vaginal birth

6.1 (20)

14.1 (52)

1.96

1.12, 3.41

.018

Postpartum haemorrhage

14.8 (48)

16.8 (62)

1.21

0.79, 1.83

.383

Neonatal resuscitation

6.7 (22)

11.9 (44)

1.73

1.01, 2.99

.048

Admission to special care nursery

12.2 (40)

20.1 (74)

1.63

1.07, 2. 05

.024

M (SD)

M (SD)

AOR^a

95% CI

p

AOR^a

95% CI

p

Number of vaginal examinations

1.87 (1.14)

3.41 (1.74)

2.16

1.86, 2.50

<.001

Maternal length of stay (days)

1.85 (1.24)

2.40 (1.33)

1.30

1.13, 1.49

.001

1.21^d

1.04, 1.40

.011

Neonate’s length of stay (days)

1.72 (1.26)

2.03 (1.35)

1.11

0.98, 1.25

.110

1.03 ^d

0.91, 1.18

.610