Table 2 Frequencies and adjusted odds ratios for outcomes by stage of labour at admission

Augmentation by oxytocin

12.8 (60)

39.8 (90)

3.57

2.39, 5.34

< .001

Artificial rupture of membranes

33.0 (155)

32.4 (73)

0.95

0.67, 1.35

.776

Epidural

15.7 (74)

40.7 (92)

3.10

2.13, 4.51

< .001

2.27^b

1.51, 3.41

<.001

Pharmacological pain relief

70.1 (330)

83.2 (188)

1.79

1.19, 2.70

.006

1.52^b

1.00, 2.32

.053

Non-pharmacological pain relief

45.4 (214)

46.5 (105)

0.89

0.64, 1.24

.495

0.90^b

0.64, 1.27

.541

Episiotomy

8.9 (42)

15.5 (35)

1.29

0.78, 2.14

.323

1.36^c

0.75, 2.46

.315

Caesarean birth

5.9 (28)

22.1 (50)

3.50

2.10, 5.83

<.001

Caesarean for slow progress

3.6 (17)

12.8 (29)

3.03

1.60, 5.74

.001

2.40^b

1.22–4.72

.011

Caesarean for fetal distress

2.3 (11)

8.4 (19)

2.91

1.33, 6.35

.007

Assisted vaginal birth

8.1 (38)

15.0 (34)

1.49

0.89, 2.49

.128

Postpartum haemorrhage

16.7 (78)

14.2 (32)

0.85

0.54, 1.33

.469

Neonatal resuscitation

7.6 (36)

13.3 (30)

1.69

0.99, 2.86

.053

Admission to special care nursery

13.8 (65)

21.7 (49)

1.54

1.01, 2.35

.046

M (SD)

M (SD)

AOR^a

95% CI

p

AOR^a

95% CI

p

Number of vaginal examinations

2.20 (1.40)

3.69 (1.75)

1.73

1.53, 1.95

<.001

Maternal length of stay (days)

1.95 (1.29)

2.52 (1.30)

1.25

1.09, 1.42

.001

1.13^d

0.98, 1.30

.102

Neonate’s length of stay (days)

1.78 (1.31)

2.10 (1.31)

1.08

0.95, 1.22

.233

0.97 ^d

0.85, 1.12

.690