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Table 3 Incidences, unadjusted and adjusted relative risks for birth outcomes in relation to symptom group and trimester for nausea, vomiting or poor appetite during pregnancy

From: Nausea, vomiting and poor appetite during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in rural Nepal: an observational cohort study

ALL TRIMESTERS

  

N (%)

Unadjusted RRs (95% CI)

Adjusted RRs (95% CI)

LBW

SF (Ref)

316 (23.2)

1.00

1.00**

 

NVP

345 (25.6)

1.10 (0.96–1.26)

1.20 (1.05–1.38)*

SGA

SF (Ref)

470 (34.6)

1.00

1.00**

 

NVP

541 (40.1)

1.16 (1.05–1.28)*

1.16 (1.05–1.28)*

Preterm birth

SF (Ref)

265 (14.5)

1.00

1.00***

 

NVP

225 (12.6)

0.87 (0.73–1.02)

0.87 (0.70–1.09)

FIRST TRIMESTER

  

N (%)

Unadjusted RRs (95% CI)

Adjusted RRs (95% CI)

 LBW

SF1 (Ref)

90 (24.2)

1.00

1.00**

 

NVP1

139 (25.1)

1.04 (0.82–1.3)

1.10 (0.87–1.39)

 SGA

SF1 (Ref)

131 (35.2)

1.00

1.00**

 

NVP1

214 (38.6)

1.09 (0.92–1.30)

1.10 (0.93–1.31)

 Preterm birth

SF1 (Ref)

87 (18.3)

1.00

1.00***

 

NVP1

96 (13.1)

0.72 (0.55–0.94)*

1.10 (0.84–1.44)

SECOND TRIMESTER

  

N (%)

Unadjusted RRs (95% CI)

Adjusted RRs (95% CI)

 LBW

SF2 (Ref)

385 (25.5)

1.00

1.00a

 

NVP2

209 (24.9)

1.06 (0.91–1.22)

1.17 (1.01–1.36)

 SGA

SF2 (Ref)

556 (34.0)

1.00

1.00a

 

NVP2

350 (41.7)

1.23 (1.10–1.36)*

1.16 (1.05–1.29)*

 Preterm birth

SF2 (Ref)

324 (14.8)

1.00

1.00b

 

NVP2

138 (12.1)

0.82 (0.68–0.99)*

0.75 (0.59–0.96)*

THIRD TRIMESTER

  

N (%)

Unadjusted RRs (95% CI)

Adjusted RRs (95% CI)

 LBW

SF3 (Ref)

525 (23.3)

1.00

1.00a

 

NVP3

116 (29.5)

1.26 (1.07–1.51)*

1.20 (1.01–1.43)*

 SGA

SF3 (Ref)

828 (36.7)

1.00

1.00a

 

NVP3

173 (44.0)

1.20 (1.06–1.36)*

1.14 (1.01–1.29)*

 Preterm birth

SF3 (Ref)

340 (11.8)

1.00

1.00b

 

NVP3

57 (11.0)

0.94 (0.72–1.22)

1.14 (0.88–1.47)

  1. RR relative risk; LBW low birth weight (< 2500 g); SGA small for gestational age; Preterm birth = born < 37 weeks’ gestation; SF symptom free throughout pregnancy; SF1-3 symptom free in the trimester corresponding to the number; NVP nausea, vomiting or poor appetite in any trimester; NVP1-3 nausea, vomiting or poor appetite in each trimester separately. *Statistically significant at alpha 0.05. a Adjusted for mother’s age, smoking during pregnancy (any time: yes/no), parity (0/≥1), education (yes/no), sex of infant (male/female), gestational age at birth, vaccine status and number of visits. b Adjusted for mother’s age, smoking during pregnancy (any time: yes/no), parity (0/≥1), education (yes/no), sex of infant (male/female), vaccine status, number of visits