Impact of individual and neighborhood social capital on the physical and mental health of pregnant women: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)

Morozumi, Ryoko; Matsumura, Kenta; Hamazaki, Kei; Tsuchida, Akiko; Takamori, Ayako; Inadera, Hidekuni

doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03131-3

Table 3 Comparison of means between groups of pregnant women

From: Impact of individual and neighborhood social capital on the physical and mental health of pregnant women: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)

Individual social capital		A: Is there someone available to you who shows you love and affection?			B: Is there someone whom you can count on for emotional support (discuss problems or help you make a difficult decision)?
Characteristics	n	M	SD	p	M	SD	p
Age (years)
< 35	58,144	2.94	1.22	< 0.001^a	3.20	1.12	< 0.001^a
≥ 35	21,066	3.00	1.20		3.16	1.12
Marital status
Unmarried, divorced, or bereaved	2896	2.65	1.27	< 0.001^a	2.91	1.22	< 0.001^a
Married or in a common-law relationship	76,314	2.97	1.21		3.20	1.11
Number of children
0	36,813	3.01	1.19	< 0.001^a	3.22	1.10	< 0.001^a
≥ 1	42,397	2.91	1.24		3.16	1.13
Self-reported history of disease
No	12,416	2.86	1.25	< 0.001^a	3.16	1.13	0.001^a
Yes	66,794	2.97	1.21		3.20	1.12
Obstetric complications
No	64,957	2.96	1.22	0.041^b	3.19	1.12	0.026^b
Yes	14,253	2.94	1.21		3.17	1.12
Experience of any stressful events
No	44,535	2.99	1.21	< 0.001^a	3.25	1.09	< 0.001^a
Yes	34,675	2.92	1.22		3.11	1.15
Labor force participation
No	25,481	2.96	1.23	0.980	3.19	1.13	0.417
Yes	53,729	2.96	1.21		3.19	1.11
Mother’s academic history
Junior high or high school, technical college, or vocational school	46,642	2.82	1.25	< 0.001^a	3.10	1.16	< 0.001^a
College, university, or graduate school	32,568	3.15	1.14		3.32	1.05
Father’s academic history
Junior high or high school, technical college, or vocational school	50,089	2.87	1.24	< 0.001^a	3.13	1.14	< 0.001^a
College, university, or graduate school	29,121	3.11	1.16		3.30	1.07
Household income (million JPY/year)
< 4	31,204	2.79	1.26	< 0.001^a	3.07	1.17	< 0.001^a
≥ 4	48,006	3.06	1.18		3.27	1.07
Response options for A and B: none of the time = 0, a little of the time = 1, some of the time = 2, most of the time = 3, all of the time = 4 ^ap < 0.01, ^bp < 0.05
Individual social capital		C: How often do you have a desired level of contact with someone whom you feel close to, trust, and can confide in?			D: Number of friends or neighbors with whom you can casually share your concerns
Characteristics	n	M	SD	p	M	SD	p
Age (years)
< 35	58,144	2.60	1.08	< 0.001^a	1.60	0.51	< 0.001^a
≥ 35	21,066	2.55	1.07		1.58	0.52
Marital status
Unmarried, divorced, or bereaved	2896	2.47	1.11	< 0.001^a	1.50	0.55	< 0.001^a
Married or in a common-law relationship	76,314	2.59	1.07		1.60	0.51
Number of children
0	36,813	2.61	1.06	< 0.001^a	1.61	0.51	< 0.001^a
≥ 1	42,397	2.57	1.09		1.59	0.51
Self-reported history of disease
No	12,416	2.57	1.08	0.010^a	1.60	0.51	0.888
Yes	66,794	2.59	1.07		1.60	0.51
Obstetric complications
No	64,957	2.59	1.08	0.768	1.60	0.51	0.270
Yes	14,253	2.59	1.07		1.59	0.51
Experience of any stressful events
No	44,535	2.64	1.07	< 0.001^a	1.62	0.50	< 0.001^a
Yes	34,675	2.52	1.08		1.57	0.52
Labor force participation
No	25,481	2.62	1.08	< 0.001^a	1.59	0.52	< 0.001^a
Yes	53,729	2.58	1.07		1.60	0.51
Mother’s academic history
Junior high or high school, technical college, or vocational school	46,642	2.50	1.08	< 0.001^a	1.57	0.52	< 0.001^a
College, university, or graduate school	32,568	2.72	1.05		1.64	0.49
Father’s academic history
Junior high or high school, technical college, or vocational school	50,089	2.53	1.08	< 0.001^a	1.58	0.52	< 0.001^a
College, university, or graduate school	29,121	2.69	1.06		1.62	0.50
Household income (million JPY/year)
< 4	31,204	2.50	1.09	< 0.001^a	1.56	0.52	< 0.001^a
≥ 4	48,006	2.65	1.06		1.63	0.50
Response options for C: none of the time = 0, a little of the time = 1, some of the time = 2, most of the time = 3, all of the time = 4 Response options for D: none = 0, one or two = 1, three or more = 2 ^ap < 0.01
Neighborhood social capital		E: Neighbors trust each other.			F: Neighbors help each other.
Characteristics	n	Mean	SD	p	Mean	SD	p
Age (years)
< 35	58,144	1.38	0.91	< 0.001^a	1.40	0.93	< 0.001^a
≥ 35	21,066	1.57	0.87		1.58	0.86
Marital status
Unmarried, divorced, or bereaved	2896	1.16	0.94	< 0.001^a	1.22	0.96	< 0.001^a
Married or in a common-law relationship	76,314	1.44	0.90		1.46	0.91
Number of children
0	36,813	1.24	0.92	< 0.001^a	1.25	0.93	< 0.001^a
≥ 1	42,397	1.60	0.86		1.63	0.86
Self-reported history of disease
No	12,416	1.45	0.92	0.018^b	1.48	0.93	< 0.001^a
Yes	66,794	1.43	0.90		1.45	0.91
Obstetric complications
No	64,957	1.44	0.90	< 0.001^a	1.46	0.91	< 0.001^a
Yes	14,253	1.40	0.91		1.42	0.92
Experience of any stressful events
No	44,535	1.47	0.90	< 0.001^a	1.48	0.91	< 0.001^a
Yes	34,675	1.38	0.91		1.41	0.92
Labor force participation
No	25,481	1.54	0.89	< 0.001^a	1.56	0.90	< 0.001^a
Yes	53,729	1.38	0.91		1.40	0.92
Mother’s academic history
Junior high or high school, technical college, or vocational school	46,642	1.37	0.92	< 0.001^a	1.41	0.93	< 0.001^a
College, university, or graduate school	32,568	1.51	0.88		1.51	0.89
Father’s academic history
Junior high or high school, technical college, or vocational school	50,089	1.40	0.91	< 0.001^a	1.44	0.92	< 0.001^a
College, university, or graduate school	29,121	1.48	0.90		1.47	0.90
Household income (million JPY/year)
< 4	31,204	1.36	0.92	< 0.001^a	1.40	0.93	< 0.001^a
≥ 4	48,006	1.47	0.89		1.48	0.90
Response options for E and F: disagree = 0, somewhat disagree = 1, somewhat agree = 2, agree = 3 ^ap < 0.01, ^bp < 0.05

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